SECTION 1

MAPWORK
 Contents

1. Introduction............................................................................................................................1

2. Elements of a topographic map: FEATURES AND CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS.......................2

3. Scale........................................................................................................................................11

4. Distance..................................................................................................................................12

5. Grid reference.........................................................................................................................13

6. Direction..................................................................................................................................16

7. Bearing.....................................................................................................................................18

8. Relief/Height:

 Cross sections.........................................................................................................21

 Contour and landforms..........................................................................................24

 Intervisibility..........................................................................................................28

 Calculating gradient..............................................................................................29

9. Drainage.................................................................................................................................33

10. Land use................................................................................................................................36

11. Settlement.............................................................................................................................37

12. Coastal landforms..................................................................................................................40

13. Relationships in a map: Relief and transport, vegetation, drainage and settlement............43

14. Lines of Latitude and Longitude.............................................................................................44

15. Calculating time......................................................................................................................48

16. Multiple choice quiz................................................................................................................52

 1. INTRODUCTION

 What is a map?

 What are maps used for?

 Types of Maps

What is a map?

A map is a reduced representation of the surface of the earth or area on a flat sheet with a scale. A map
is different from a sketch because a sketch is not drawn to scale.

What are maps used for?

 Maps are important in the appraisal, conservation, and development of natural resources
such as in agriculture, fisheries and general commerce; in regional planning; and in property
surveys.
 Maps help in navigation by sea, air, and land in times of peace and especially in times of
war.
 Maps are also important to scientists concerned with the causes and effects of Earth
surface phenomena, in such disciplines as geology, oceanography, meteorology, climatology,
animal and plant ecology, agronomy, economics and the social sciences, as well as geography
itself.

TYPES OF MAPS

TYPES DESCRIPTION
Political Maps A political map is a map that shows lines defining countries,
states or territories. It is unlike other maps in that its purpose is
to show borders.
Weather Maps A weather map displays various meteorological features across a
particular area at a particular point in time.
Disaster Maps Shows disaster areas such as floods, fires, drought
Road Maps Show major—some minor highways—and roads, airports,
railroad tracks, cities and other points of interest in an area.
People use road maps to plan trips and for driving directions.
Topographic maps The distinctive characteristic of a topographic map is the
use of elevation contour lines to show the shape of the
Earth's surface. Elevation contours are imaginary lines
connecting points having the same elevation on the surface
of the land above or below a reference surface, which is
usually mean sea level. Contours make it possible to show
the height and shape of mountains, the depths of the ocean
bottom, and the steepness of slopes.
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 2. ELEMENTS OF A TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
SYMBOLS

 Map Features: Title, scale, border, key, north arrow

 Map Symbols:

1. Relief
2. Transport
3. Vegetation
4. Drainage
5. Settlement (Abbreviations)
6. Social services, recreation, economic activities, agriculture

SYMBOLS TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

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 MAP FEATURES

Map of Trinidad showing the Municipal and Regional Corporations

Title

North arrow

Border

Scale

Key

Title Consists of name (country), sheet number and edition. The title
may also have a ratio scale. Other information like series
number and year may also be found.
Example: Map of Maggoty Jamaica on a scale of 1: 50 000
Series DOS 351, EDN 5 1978

Scale These indicate the size of the map. A ratio scale might be seen
as well as a linear scale at the bottom. The metric units or the
scale may be in m, km, miles, feet etc.
Compass This is represented by the north arrow and indicates North, the
Direction True North and the Magnetic North
Key This shows conventional symbols and what they represent on
the map. They are very important to understanding and
interpreting maps.

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 MAP SYMBOLS

Have you ever wondered what are symbols and why are they needed. Let’s answer that question by
saying that symbols are simple signs that are used to represent something else. Now seeing that maps
require large amounts of information to be conveyed in a limited space, the use of symbols to represent
particular features is therefore necessary. These symbols are small but are immediately recognisable,
which means that they have an advantage over drawing or writing all of this information onto a map.

Map symbols can be divided into three groups: point, line and area symbols. Let’s look at them
separately:

 Point symbols are often used to represent a specific place or site. These point symbols are usually
made of basic shapes, since they can be immediately recognised even when they have been reduced in
size.

 Line symbols are used to represent linear features, including roads, rivers and borders. A variation of
these line symbols are created by making lines coloured, widened, bold, multiple and interrupted
(dotted).

 Area symbols use colour, patterns and symbols to show the characteristics of a region. These symbols
show features such as deserts, forests or crops.

SYMBOLS ON TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

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NOW LET’S LOOK AT A MAP KEY AND LOOK CAREFULLY AT SYMBOLS ON A MAP

1. Relief
2. Transport
3. Vegetation
4. Drainage
5. Settlement (Abbreviation)
6. Social services

1. RELIEF: "Relief" refers to the highest and lowest elevation points in a map. How is relief
or height represented on a map?

 Height is shown by contour line. These are light brown lines on a map which join places with the
same height. These lines have numbers which are heights.
 The Vertical Height (VI) is the difference in height between contour lines. In the map below the
contour interval is 50. Some maps may have varying contour intervals.
 The closer the contour lines the steeper the slope. The further apart the lines the more gentle
the slope.
 Contour lines may take different shapes which show relief features for example depression as
seen above.

 Height is also shown by trignometrical station which is represented on a map by a triangle or

circle with a height printed beside it. 512 413

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  Height is also represented by a spot height which is symbolised by a dot with a height printed
next to it. It represents the height o a specific point on the map.

2. TRANSPORT: There are many forms of transport on a map. The most common is land in the form of
roads. However air transport can also be represented on a map through air strips and water transport
through ports.

 Roads are represented by lines on a map. These lines have varying thickness. They may also be
solid or broken. They are normally red with varying shades or may be black depending on type.
 Roads can be major, minor, surfaced, un-surfaced, primary, secondary, class A or B. There may
also be tracks and footpaths.

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3. VEGETATION: There are many types of vegetation represented on a map. These are shown by area
symbols as they cover large areas.

 Vegetation should be classed as natural and cultivated.

Natural Cultivated
Mangrove Rice
Swamp forest Sugarcane
Forest Banana
Trees Coconut
Scrub Vegetable garden
Savannah Citrus
Grassland

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4. DRAINAGE: A map is drained by a river and its tributaries. There may also be other drainage features
on a map as seen in the key.

 Drainage is represented by rivers shown by blue lines on a map. The lines vary in thickness.
 Other features include dams, ponds, lakes, wells, waterfalls etc. Valleys are important features
through which rivers flow. These are seen by the shape of the contour lines that looks like a V.
 Direction of flow is very important. Rivers flow from areas of highland to lowland towards the
sea.
 There are both elements of natural drainage as well as artificial drainage on a map.
 Rivers form patterns: Radial, Dendritic and Trellis.

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5. SETTLEMENT: On maps settlement and buildings are represented by point symbols using basic shapes
and area symbols that follow a pattern.

 Symbols vary in shape and size and may also vary in colour.
 Settlement may be represented by dark grey coloured blocks (picture left) or black squares
(right). The colour can also be pink or red.
 It is concentrated on flat land around major roads.
 When studying settlement we look at distribution or how buildings are spread out.
 Settlements are also arranged in patterns: Linear, nucleated and dispersed.
 Buildings on the key are represented by abbreviations and symbols

6. SOCIAL SERVICES: These are found in settlements on a map. These include

 Health: Hospitals, Health centres, Health office
 Education: Schools
 Religion: Church, temple, mosque
 Recreation: Sports ground
 Security: Police station
 Recreation: Parks, golf courses

Ch Church Mkt Market

Cha Chapel Sp Gd Sports Ground
PS, Pol Sta Police Station H Hotel
H, Hosp hospital HO Health Office
HC Health Centre WO Warden’s Office
Sch School Post & Telegraph
P
Mos Mosque Ct H Court House
Tem Temple
PO Post Office
 Social services are represented by abbreviations and symbols.

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 MAP WORK INTRODUCTION QUIZ

1. ONE natural feature found on a map is _________________________.

2. ONE human feature found on a map is ________________________.

3. ONE type of map is a______________________ map.

4. TWO map features are _____________________ and ________________________.

5. Lines that show height on a map are called __________________________.

6. The difference between the height o contour lines are called ____________________________

7. The closer the contour lines the ________________ the land.

8. Specific heights on a map are shown by _______________ and ____________________.

9. One type of natural vegetation found on a map is _________________________.

10. One type of cultivated vegetation found on a map is _________________________.

11. Rivers flow from ____________land to ____________land.

12. One type of drainage pattern is ______________________

13. One settlement pattern is _______________________

14. A hospital is an example of a ___________________ service on a map.

15. The abbreviation PS on a map means _______________________.

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 3. SCALE

Map scales
It is important for you to know that the scale of the map is determined by the amount of real-world
area covered by the map. Almost all maps have scales. Scales play an important role in maintaining the
dimensional accuracy of a map.

The following types of scales are used:

 Ratio scale 1:24 000: This type of scale is known as a ratio scale and what it means is that one
metric unit on the map is equal to 24,000 units on actual ground.
 The most common ratio in topographic maps are 1:25 000, 1: 50 000 and 1: 250 000.
 Did you know that the smaller the ratio is between distances on the map and distances in the
real world, the smaller the scale of the map is said to be. This actually means that, a map with a
scale of 1:250 000 is a smaller scale map than a 1:25 000 scale map, but it covers a larger real-
world area.

 Linear scale: A linear scale comes from the word line, which actually means that the scale is in a
horizontal line form. We can therefore say that a linear scale is a line which is divided into
sections. It shows how measurements on a particular map correspond with measurements on
the ground. Now look at an example of a linear scale.

 Linear scale can show various metric units: miles, feet, metres, kilometres, yards

 Conversions: Sometimes geographers and you need to know how far places are from each
other. Instead of going out into the field and measure this distance a person can simply use a
ruler and refer to the provided scale, measure the distance on a map and calculate what it
converts to in the real world.

 Now let’s say the distance between two points on a map is 6.5 centimetres and the scale of that
map is 1 centimetre to 10 000 centimetres (also 1:10 000 or 1/10 000), then in the real world
the measured distance would represent 65 000 centimetres (or 650 metres).

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 4. Measuring distance on a map using the linear scale

 Measuring distance

On a map, distances can be measured in two ways:

 along a straight line

 along a curved line

1 Along a straight line: To measure the straight line distance between two points on a map, place a ruler
or straight edge of a piece of paper against the two points. Mark the distance between the two points
on the ruler or paper then place the ruler or paper on the line scale to check the distance.

2. Along a curved distance between two points on a map use a piece of string. Place one end of the
string on the star point. Use it to follow the curved distance closely. Make a mark on the end of the
curved distance on the string. Straighten the string and place it against the line scale.

Placing the string along the curved area on the map

Placing the string along the scale

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 5. Grid Reference

o What are grid lines?

o Grid reference
o Four and Six figure grid references

 Grid lines are imaginary lines running vertically and horizontally on a map.
 Vertical lines are called EASTINGS as their numbers increase from west to east. Horizontal lines
are called NORTHINGS as their numbers increase from north to south (refer to figure below).
 The EASTING lines on the grid below are numbered 30-35. The NORTHINGS are 60-64.
 Grid lines help us give the location of places on a map.

GRID REFERENCE: There are TWO types of grid references

 4 figure consists of FOUR digits and used to give the location of larger areas in a square for
example when giving the location of vegetation cover.
 6 figure is more exact and used when giving specific location for example a school.
 RULE: When giving grid references ALWAYS GIVE EASTINGS FIRST.

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 Giving FOUR figure grid reference

EXAMPLE: The four figure grid reference for B will be 1528. Now try these.
1. E _____________________
2. A_____________________
3. M ____________________
4. C _____________________
5. H _____________________

 Giving SIX figure grid reference

i. Give the 4 figure first by reading the easting then northing line. The bus station is in square
9362.
ii. Divide box into tenths both on the easting line and Northing line.
iii. The bus station is 7 away from easting 93 so the first 3 figures are 937. It is also 3 away from
northing 62 so the second 3 figures are 623. The six figure grid reference is therefore 937
623

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EXERCISE: Complete the exercise for TOT Town.

1. The grid line 48 is called _________________________________.

2. Which is not a correct grid reference 4878 or 8050? ____________________________

3. Give the grid reference of the square in which the island TOT is found. ______________________

4. In which square is the lagoon? _________________________

5. Give the six figure grid reference of:

a. School _________________________________

b. Trignometrical station _____________________

c. Post Office ______________________________

d. Police Station ____________________________

e. Mosque _________________________________

f. The town Pam_____________________________

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 6. Direction
The TWO methods of stating direction from one place to another are:

 Compass points or compass direction

 Angular bearings also called compass bearing

COMPASS POINTS OR COMPASS DIRECTION

The instrument for telling direction is a compass. The compass has 360˚ and is divided into four cardinal
points: North, South, East and West. There is also an eight point compass and a 16 point compass for
more accurate direction. The compass does not point to True North but to Magnetic North. The angle
between True North and Magnetic North is called Magnetic variation.

MANETIC NORTH
FOUR CARDINAL POINTS

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STEPS WHEN GIVING DIRECTION

(1) Read the question carefully and Note the word “From” or ‘of’. This is your actual location
(2) Draw a STRAIGHT LINE connecting both places.
(3) Draw a compass on the ‘FROM’ location.
(4) Label compass & read off direction

EXAMPLE: What is the direction of x from y? We place the cardinal points at Y. ANSWER: NW

W Y E
s

EXERCISE:

1. What is the direction of Port-of-Spain from Princes Town? ________________

2. The direction of Rio Claro from Arima is? ______________________________
3. Point Fortin is _________________________ of Couva
4. What is the direction from Guayaguayare of Princes Town? _______________
5. If you want to go to Piarco from Rio Claro you will travel in a _______________ direction.

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 7. Bearing

Bearings are directions given in degrees. The points on the compass can also be given in the form of
angular bearings.

16 point compass

Calculate the bearing of X from Y.

STEPS WHEN CALCULATING BEARING

(1) Read the question carefully and Note the word “From” as this is your actual location.
(2) Draw a STRAIGHT LINE connecting both places. (#1 on diagram)
(3) Draw a compass or north line on the ‘FROM’ location. Ensure your line is straight.(# 2 on
diagram).
(4) Align your protractor on the straight line at Y. (#3 on diagram)
(5) RULE: Bearing is always taken in a clockwise direction
(6) Read the angle from the protractor. The bearing of X from Y is 290˚

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EXERCISE 1: MEASURE THE FOLLOWING ANGLES

1. __50˚____

2. _________

3. _________

4. _________

5. _________

6. _________

7. _________
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EXERCISE 2: FIND THE BEARING AND COMPASS DIRECTION OF THE FOLLOWING

BEARING COMPASS
1. Of London from Port-of-Spain
2. Of Port-of-Spain from Moscow
3. Of Port-of-Spain from Los Angeles
4. Of Delhi from Kampala
5. Of London from Sydney
6. Of Cape Town from New York
7. Of Perth from Tokyo
8. Of Santiago from Port-of-Spain
9. From Sydney of Port-of- Spain
10. From Vancouver of Kampala

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 7. Relief or height on a map

 Cross sections

 Contour and landforms

 Intervisibility

 Calculating gradient

 CROSS SECTIONS

A cross-section of a contour map can be drawn to show what the landscape looks like from the side.
Imagine when cutting an orange in half, you would then have a cross-section of the orange. Cross
sections help us to visualize landform features on a map.

STEPS IN DRAWING A CROSS SECTION:

1) Identify the area on the map where the cross section is to be constructed.

2) Connect points X &Y with a straight line.

3) Place a strip of paper along this line, marking carefully points X&Y FIRST.

4) Where each contour line touches the paper, mark it off and write the height of each contour line.

5) You may also identify features like roads and rivers which touch your graph paper.

6) Draw a graph with an X & Y axis.

7) Choose an appropriate scale based on your lowest point, highest point and contour interval for y-axis.

E.g. 2cm = 25 feet.

8) Place edge of paper before, onto x-axis and plot in the heights corresponding to the y-axis.

9) Connect the dots as a curve. Don not use a ruler, draw freehand.

10) Label cross section with: title, y-axis with scale and x-axis with points A&B

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 DRAWING A CROSS SECTION ALONG LINE AB

A B

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EXERCISE: DRAW YOUR CROSS SECTION ACROSS LINE AB.

TITLE: __________________________________________________

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  CONTOURS AND LANDFORMS

Contour lines can show slopes (Table 1) and landforms (Table 2).

TYPE SLOPE DESCRIPTION CONTOUR MAP CROSS SECTION

Steep/scarp Contour lines are close
together

Gentle/dip Contour lines are far

apart

Regular or The spacing between

contour lines is the
uniform
same. An even slope
can either be steep or
gentle

Irregular The spacing between

contour lines is
uneven. Can be steep
and then becomes
gentle.

Concave Contours are widely

spaced (gentle) at
lower heights, but
close together (steep)
at higher heights

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Convex Contours are close
together (steep) at
lower heights and
widely spaced (gentle)
at higher heights

Stepped/terraced Pairs of steeply spaced

contour lines are
separated by areas of
gentle slope.

TABLE 2

LANDFORM DESCRIPTION CONTOUR MAP CROSS SECTION

Conical hill A hill where the slopes
are similar in all
directions. The sides are
usually steep with a
small pointed top. The
contour lines look like
concentric circles with
the smallest circle in the
centre, showing the
pointed top.
Flat topped hill A hill with a flat top.
Contours are more oval
shaped. The slopes are
more gentle than those
of a conical hill. The oval
shape in the centre is
also larger than the
centre of a conical hill
and it shows the flat
top.
Round topped The contour lines are
hill circular and evenly
spaced

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Escarpment Consists of a scarp and
dip slope

Plateau An upland area with

steep sides. The contour
in the centre is even
larger than that of a
flat-topped butte.
Rivers may carve valleys
along the sides of the
plateau.

Valley The contour lines are ‘V’

shaped. Valleys are
formed when the ‘V’
points in the direction
of higher land. Rivers
run in valleys – always
from a high to a low
point.

Spur The ‘opposite’ of a

valley, where the ‘V’
points in the direction
of lower land.

valley

spur

Ridge a ridge is a raised area

of the land that is
generally narrow and
long.

Saddle A low point between

two or more higher
points in a mountain.
The low point (saddle) is
still higher than
surrounding landscapes.

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Gap A gap is a low area
between two higher-
elevation landmasses,
such as mountains

HERE ARE SOME COMMON RELIEF FEATURES FROM A TOPOGRAPHIC MAP

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  INTERVISIBILITY

When we have completed a cross-section of an area, intervisibility can be determined. This means
whether one person who stands at the first point can actually see someone standing on the other end of
the cross-section. If these two people can see each other, then the two points are intervisible. Points A
and B are intervisible. How do you know this from a topographic map? The height of the contour lines is
the same.

A B

EXAMPLE: Refer to the diagram to answer the question below.

Which of the following pairs of points is intervisible according to the map?

a) P and T
b) R and S
c) Q and R
d) S and T

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  CALCULATING GRADIENT

Gradient:
 Gradient is the rise of the land. It shows how steep or gentle a slope is.
 It is expressed as a ratio.
 When calculating gradient: It is the ratio of the vertical rise in the height of the land to the
horizontal distance on the ground.
 Vertical Increase (also called Vertical Rise) means the difference in elevation (contour)
between any two points on the map, whereas, Horizontal Distance is the actual ground
distance between any two points on the map (scale).
 Gradient is calculated by simply dividing the Vertical Increase by the Horizontal Distance of
the two points on a map.

VI- Vertical Interval

HD- Horizontal Distance
 When dividing, the numerator and denominator MUST be the same metric unit.

Procedures for Determining Gradient on Topographic Maps

Take the example of the figure below which shows a hypothetical map along with its linear scale. The
contour interval used is 150m. Assume that you are required to find the gradient of the slope between
the spot height on top of the hill and point X.

Step 1: Identify the location of the two points whose gradient is to be calculated/determined on
the map

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Step 2: Draw a straight line joining these points

Step 3: Determine the horizontal distance

You place a straight-edged piece of paper against the two points on the map and mark off the two
points along the edge of the piece of paper clearly. You then take this marked piece of paper and place it
along the linear scale then read off the distance between the two points, as shown in figure (a) and (b)
below

The horizontal distance is 4km

Step 4: Determine the elevations of each of these points, and then calculate the Vertical Increase.

From the figure above, the elevation of spot height is 3050m and that of point x is 1850m.
Therefore;
( ) = 3050 − 1850 = 1200 .

Step 5: Express the vertical increase and horizontal equivalent into similar units.

Do this if the units of vertical increase and horizontal equivalent are different. As seen in step (iii) and
(iv), the vertical increase is 1200m whereas the horizontal equivalent is 4km. Since the units are
different, one of these measurements has to be expressed in the units of the other measurement.
In this example, we can convert 4 kilometres of horizontal equivalent into meters, to make it 4000
meters.

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Step 6: Calculate the gradient of a slope.

Gradient can be expressed either as a percentage, an angle, or a proportion.

a) Gradient Expressed In Proportions

In terms of proportion, a gradient is found by simply dividing the Vertical Increase and the Horizontal
Equivalent.

For the example above;

It is then expressed as a ratio 1:3.33

b) Gradient Expressed In Percentage

The gradient of a slope expressed in percentage is obtained by multiplying the quotient of the
Vertical Increase and the Horizontal Equivalent by 100%.

For the example above;

Therefore, the gradient of the slope is 30%.

c) Gradient Expressed As an Angle of Inclination (or in Degrees)

The gradient of a slope expressed in degrees is calculated by using the arctangent of the quotient of
the Vertical Increase and the Horizontal Equivalent.

For the example above;

Therefore, the gradient of the slope is 16.7°.

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 INTERPRETING GRADIENT OF A SLOPE

 Slopes represent the rising or falling of the land surface. Slopes can either be gentle or
steep. The slope is said to be steep when the land surface is rising/falling sharply and
said to be gentle when the rising/falling of the land surface is mild.
 A gradient is basically the average rate at which the ground slopes.
 It indicates how much the land rises over a given horizontal distance.
 A slope with a gradient of 1:2 is a steeper slope than one with a gradient of 1:5. The greater
the angle the steeper the slope.

Gradient (in %) Interpretation

0% - 2% Little or no slope
3% - 15% Gentle slope
16% - 35% Moderate slope
36% – 100% Steep slope
Greater than 100% Extremely steep slope

 The ratio can be expressed as a percentage and the steepness of the slope can be described.

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 9. Drainage

Rivers form distinctive DRAINAGE PATTERNS. There are THREE main types.

 Dendritic
 Radial
 Trellis

PATTERN DESCRIPTION REASON DIAGRAM

DENDRITIC This type of pattern This pattern
resembles a tree. It is develops on gently
made up of the main sloping river basins
river and its many where the rock
tributaries join the main structure is
river at an angle usually homogenous or
less than 90˚. uniform and is
EXAMPLE: Caroni River therefore eroded at
in Trinidad the same rate.

RADIAL This type of pattern Radial patterns

resembles the radii of a develop on conical
circle or spokes of a or round-topped
wheel. The rain falls hills. It is also
from the top of a hill or associated with
mountain and volcanic islands.
tributaries radiate Here the rock type is
outwards from the the same (lava) so it
central area. is the gradient that
EXAMPLE: Montserrat determines the
pattern.
TRELLIS This type of pattern Trellis develops
resembles a rectangular where the rock
grid. It is made up of structure varies with
the main river and the alternating layers of
many tributaries join hard and soft rock.
the main river at right The bands o rocks
angles. have been folded
EXAMPLE: Northern and are dipping
Range Trinidad steeply. Tributaries
follow the soft rock
which is eroded
faster and therefore
join the main river at
right angles.

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 DESCRIBING FEATURES of DRAINAGE

When describing features of drainage on a map these are some points that you may use.

 Drainage pattern: Describe the dominant drainage pattern on the map.

 Direction of flow: State the direction of flow of flow of the main river. Rivers flow from areas of
highland to lowland into the sea. Give heights of contour and site examples of places and names
of rivers and tributaries. Also describe the direction that tributaries join the main river.
 Nature of flow: Are river channels straight or meandering? Describe the width of the river’s
channel by thickness of the blue lines. Are lines broken? This indicates intermittent flow.
 Landforms: You can describe river landforms such as valleys and spurs. These features are
different in the upper, middle and lower course of the river. Identify location and stages of the
valleys. Describe the valley floors and sides. For example: Upper course rivers flow along steep v
shaped valleys. In the lower course the valleys are wide and gently sloping with almost flat
valley floors. You can also look for dry valleys where there are no rivers. This is more
predominant in limestone areas.

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 Drainage density: This is the total length of rivers per unit area. Drainage density ranges from
low to high. A low drainage density means the area is poorly drained and the total volume of
low is low. A high drainage density means that the area is well drained and the total volume of
flow is high. Areas with steep slope and impermeable rock result in a higher density. The nature
of rock will influence drainage pattern and density. Indicate number of tributaries and highlight
main ones.

 Artificial Drainage: Are there human constructed drainage systems such as dams, wells, lakes
and ponds? Look for ditches, drains, embankments and other artificial drainage modifications.
The key will help you to identify such features.

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 10. Land Use

There are conventional symbols in the key to indicate the use to which the land has been put. These are
some points on what land is used for:

 AGRICULTURE: Need to include the types of crops, the nature of farming (extensive like
sugarcane plantations), farm buildings and pastures for grazing. Estimate what percentage of
the land is occupied with farming. Look at where agriculture takes place. Lowland areas with
gentle relief and close to water courses are ideal for crop cultivation.

 Natural Vegetation: In some maps the greater proportion of vegetation is natural and the land is
occupied with forest, trees and scrub or woodland. These areas are normally highland areas and
are limited with transport and settlement.

 Residential: Land may be utilised for settlement. These form patterns and their location is
dependent on physical factors like relief, water, resources etc. Economic activities also relate to
settlement. Distinction between rural and urban areas like towns can be made.

 Economic Activities: Look for primary, secondary or tertiary activities. Land may be utilised or
activities like mining and quarrying. There may also be industries, factories, jetties, oil tankers
etc. There may be markets or distribution of goods and ports which accommodate trade. Fishing
activities can take place on coastal locations. Recently more tertiary activities through tourism
for instance hotels are found in coastal areas.

 Social Services: Land is utilised for the provision of social services which includes communication
and postal services. Schools, hospitals, police station, churches, temples and mosques. These
provide services to towns and settlements. Utilize the symbols and abbreviations in the key to
help you identify them.

 Recreational: Land maybe set aside for recreational activities like National Parks, National Forest
Reserves, playing fields and golf courses. Recently many coastal areas cater for tourist
development and activities associated with these can be found. Recreational activities in rural
areas differ from those in towns and built-up areas.

 Industrial: Many types of industries can be found on maps. These include processing industries,
assembly plants, factories and other buildings can be seen from the key. These are located in
towns and may occupy large land areas and around major transport networks. Some may be
found in coastal location where jetties facilitate transport.

36
 11. Settlement

Settlements are where people live. There are two main types: rural and urban. On maps conventional
symbols in the key represent settlement. When we study settlement on a map we will be looking at:
 Describe and account for settlement patterns
 Describe the distribution settlement
 Reasons for location of settlement

 PATTERN:

LINEAR NUCLEATED DISPERSED

DESCRIPTION In a linear pattern, In a nucleated pattern, In a dispersed pattern
settlements take the form buildings are clustered buildings are few and
of a line or row of and served by a highly scattered far from each
buildings. They are accessible other. Found in hilly areas.
normally found along a communication network.
river, road or coastline. It occurs at the
intersection of major
transport routes in flat
relief areas.
REASON Accessibility from roads Accessibility due to road The land is hilly, poor soil
and resources is one of the networks is the major and there may lack of
main reasons for location. reason for development. transport and resources.
The land may also be The land is flat and
gently sloping. resources may be
present.
DIAGRAM

37
  Describe the Distribution of settlement

When describing the distribution of settlement on a map there are some key points to consider.

 The word distribution means spread. How are the houses and buildings spread throughout the
map? Where are the concentrations located? Remember to use four and six figure grid
references. Identify and name towns. Also give direction though cardinal points such as a
compact pattern is seen in the south western section of the map, in grid square 6528, the town
of Rio Minho.

 Look for patterns to see if compact settlement is located on all flat areas, along coastal areas or
along major road and transport networks. Describe where they are found without giving
explanations. Settlement is concentrated in the south and central section of the map where first
class roads are found.

 Describe also the location of scattered settlement, where buildings are far apart. In which areas
are the settlement lacking? Again give four and six figure references, cardinal points and name
specific places. Look for patterns to see if there is a lack of settlement in hilly areas where
natural vegetation like forest is predominant. For instance in the northern section of the map
where forest is predominant and the area is hilly, a few buildings can be found. The area is
sparse, lacking settlement.

 Look at the map in its entirety like a jig saw puzzle. Divide the map into sections and be sure to
analyze each section for instance north, south, west and east. Carefully look or patterns and be
sure to identify the settlement pattern that is found. Show distinctions between dense and
sparse settlement.

38
  Reasons for location of settlement

Why are settlements located where they are on topographic maps? There are many factors which
influence the location of settlements.

 Relief: Most settlements are located in areas of flat land. Flat land is easier and more
economical for construction. Many types of commercial activities and agricultural activities can
take place on flat land. Flatter areas allow for more accessibility for settlements. Roads are
easily constructed. Some settlements that are predominantly agricultural are located in
sheltered areas on the leeward side of mountains, foothills and in valleys. Flat alluvial plains also
accommodate agriculture. Nucleated and linear patterns are found in flatter areas.

 Transport and communication: Traditionally settlements were located near rivers and the coast
which were points of entry that made these places more accessible. Where railway tracks and
major road networks are found settlements are concentrated. The existence of nodal points and
junctions facilitate the development of nucleated patterns.

 Water availability: Settlements are linked to drainage on a map. Traditionally many settlements
developed near water courses for example spring line settlements and oasis town in desert
areas. These areas attracted water for agriculture, consumption and other human activities.
Water courses were also used as a medium for transport.

 Resources: Settlements have developed where resources are available. Rich, fertile soil, alluvial
plains attract moderate to dense settlements. Rural settlements are more dependent on
physical resources for instance, rivers and coastal areas that provide an avenue for fishing.
Mining towns have developed where raw materials like bauxite and other minerals are present.
On many maps coastal areas are well developed due to a combination of factors, flat land,
accessibility of the coast and the wealth o resources that allow a range of economic activities.

39
 12. Coastal Landforms

Not all topographic maps show coastal areas as some are landlocked areas with countries. Here are
some tips when describing coastal areas and features.

 Describe the shape of the coastline: Is it regular or irregular, indented, intersected with bays and
headlands?
 Relief of the coast. Is it flat, typical of sandy beaches or steep with cliffs?
 Describe erosion and depositional features.

FEATURE DESCRIPTION DIAGRAM

Indented coastline It is a coastline which has an uneven length.
There are cuts or indents in its length which
forms several creeks and inland waterways.
They form habours and ports.

Cliffs Some coastlines are very rocky and consist

of cliffs formed by erosion. On maps the
symbol used to show cliffs is

cliffs

Headland and Bay Formed where there are alternating bands

of hard and soft rock. Softer rocks are
eroded and form bays while harder rocks REFER TO F and G on map below
are resistant to erosion and stand out as Coastal Erosion landforms
headlands.

Spits Develop due to the process of long shore

drift and is a depositional feature formed by
transportation of beach material by the
action of the wind.
spit

40
Point A cape or point is a headland or a
promontory of large size extending into a
body of water, usually the sea.

point

Bay head beach Beaches are the most common features

formed by wave deposition. One type of
beach is the bayhead beach. This type of
beach is formed when waves deposit
material between two headlands.

Stack and stump Coastal erosion feature formed where the

arch in a headland collapses leaving part of REFER to A in the map below
the headland standing as a stack. It is Coastal Erosion landforms
eroded further to form a stump.

Peninsula Piece of land that juts out into the sea

almost surrounded by water.

41
COASTAL EROSION LANDFORMS

42
 13 Relationships on a map

On topographic maps we have explored many elements such as relief, vegetation, transport, drainage
and settlement. These elements influence each other for instance relief is very important and influences
where specific types of vegetation are found, where settlement is built and roads are constructed. These
relationships would be discussed.

 RELIEF AND VEGETATION: Relief influences the type and location of vegetation on a map. As
discussed before there are two types of vegetation, natural and cultivated. Natural vegetation
like forests, trees and scrub are found in hilly marginal areas. Flat plains along the coast support
mangrove vegetation. Cultivated vegetation is found in flat areas where accessibility and ease of
operation of machinery are important considerations. Many plantations are found in lt, fertile
alluvial plains.

 RELIEF AND TRANSPORT: The physical landscape or relief influences the route taken by road and
railways. In highland areas there are many relief features such as mountain, hills and steep-
sided valleys. Roads and railways tend to avoid such steep gradient as it is difficult and
expensive to construct. Instead third or fourth class roads; Class C and class D roads, tracks and
footpaths can be found. These take a winding path to avoid steep areas. On the other hand
major first class roads are found in lower gradient, on foothills of mountains, valleys and along
coastal strips. The dense transport network supports settlement in these flatter areas.

 RELIEF AND DRAINAGE: Relief influences drainage patterns on a map. Radial drainage patterns
develop on conical hills, mountains and volcanic slopes as rivers and tributaries radiate
outwards from a central area. Most rivers on map originate from central highland and direction
of flow is influenced as they flow towards lowland areas into the sea. Drainage landforms such
as valleys, identified by contours that bend towards higher ground and spurs that bend towards
lower ground are influenced by relief. Watersheds are also characteristic of highland areas. On
maps the course of the river is also denoted by a change in gradient where it gradually changes
from the upper course (steeper gradient) to middle and lower course which has the flattest
gradient. With changes in a river’s course from steep to gentle gradient, the characteristics of
the channel such as width, depth, velocity and volume also change.

 RELIEF AND SETTLEMENT: relief influence the settlement pattern on a map. Nucleated and linear
patterns are characteristic of flat, gentle gradient such as the foothills of mountains and valley
floors. Flat coastal areas are also characterized by compact settlement. On the other hand in
higher relief areas more dispersed or scattered patterns are found as these areas are
inaccessible and lack transport and communication. Relief also influence the distribution of
settlement, how buildings and houses are spread out. Areas with gentle gradient have
concentrations of settlement as opposed to steeper areas.

43
 14. Lines of Latitude and Longitude

 Characteristics lines of latitude and longitude

 Locating places using lines of latitude and longitude

When you look at a globe or map you will see there are lines running west to east (horizontal lines) and
lines running north to south (vertical lines). They are similar to northing and easting lines. These lines
are called latitude and longitude. They are used to give the position of places on the globe and in
calculating time around the globe.

LINES OF LATITUDE

CHARACTERISTICS LINES OF LATITUDE

 Lines of Latitude are imaginary lines running from west to east on the earth’s surface. On a
globe each line of latitude is a circle.
 The equator marked 0˚ is the major line of latitude and divides the earth into the northern and
southern hemispheres. A great circle is an imaginary circle drawn on the earth’s surface whose
plane passes through the centre of the earth. Each great circle divides the earth into two
hemispheres. The equator, a parallel line of latitude is a great circle.
 All lines of latitude are parallel to the equator and to each other and are so called parallels of
latitude.
 The equator is the largest line of latitude and as you move further away from the equator, lines
of latitude become smaller until the north and south poles where they are points.
 Lines of latitude are numbered from the equator up to 90˚ north and south. Lines to the north of
the equator are called north latitudes and to the south of the equator south latitudes.
44
CHARACTERISTICS LINES OF LONGITUDE

 Lines of Latitude are imaginary lines running from north to south on the earth’s surface and
converging at the poles. On a globe each line of longitude is a semicircle.
 The distance between lines of longitude varies; they meet at the poles and are farthest apart at
the equator.
 All lines of longitude have the same length.
 The main line of longitude from which the other lines are numbered is the Prime Meridian at 0˚.
This line passes through Greenwich near London and is also called the Greenwich Meridian. It
divides the earth into a western and eastern hemisphere.
 All other lines of longitude are called meridians. All meridian of longitude are also great circles
but they pass through the poles.
 Lines of longitude are numbered from the Greenwich and move east and west up to 180˚. Lines
east of the Greenwich Meridian are called east longitudes and those to the west o the
Greenwich, west longitudes.

LINES OF LONGITUDE

45
 POSITION OF A PLACE USING LINES OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE

NOTE: When locating places using lines of latitude and longitude, note that latitude MUST be read first
then longitude.

NOTE: When the equator or Greenwich Meridian is not shown how do you know whether its north or
south latitude or west or east longitude? What is the location of X? 30˚N, 80˚E

Latitude numbers increase north

Longitude numbers increase eastwards

Remember Latitude is given first therefore 30˚. How did I know north? The numbers increase
northwards. Similarly the longitude is 80˚ and again east because the numbers increase eastwards.

Let us look at another question using the map of the Caribbean region.

1. What is the location of the island labelled II on the map below?

a) 14˚N 61˚E
b) 14˚N 61˚W
c) 61˚N 14˚W
d) 61˚N 14˚E

The answer is B. Latitude is 14˚N and we know north as the numbers are increasing northwards.
Similarly longitude is 61˚ (midway between 60 and 62) and west because o the direction the numbers
are increasing.

2. Can you the give the location for Barbados from the map below? ________________________

46
MAP OF THE CARIBBEAN REGION

47
 15. Calculating time

 Lines of longitude are called meridians which mean midday.

 All places that lie on the same line of longitude have midday at the same time.
 Places to the east are p.m. or post meridian, that is they are able to see the sun first as the earth
rotates from west to east. They are ahead or later than places in the west.

Understanding how time is calculated:

 The earth rotates 360˚ in 24 hours, that is, 15˚ for every hour or 1˚ for every 4 minutes.
 It rotates west to east therefore time in the west is one hour behind (earlier than GMT)
therefore we subtract (-).
 Time in the east is one hour ahead (later than GMT) therefore we add (+).

GMT

CALCULATING TIME FROM THE GREENWICH (GMT) 0˚

1. If it is midnight on Wednesday at Greenwich, what time will it be in a place located 30˚E?

GMT= midnight Wednesday

30˚E ?

Therefore: 15˚= 1hour

30˚= 30 = 2 hours
15
Since we are going east time is later so we add 2 hours to midnight. The time will be 2 a.m. on Thursday.

2. If it is 3 p.m. on Monday at Greenwich, what time will it be 77˚W?

GMT = 3 p.m. Monday

77˚W ?

Therefore: 15˚= 1hour

77˚= 77 = 5 hours remainder 2˚
15
We need to convert the 2˚ degrees to minutes. If 1˚ =4 minutes then 2˚=8 minutes
Since we are going west time is later we minus 5 hours and 8 minutes to 3 p.m. The time will be 9.52
a.m. Monday
48
CALCULATING TIME EAST OR WEST OF THE GREENWICH

1. The time 45˚E is 4 p.m. What is the time 75˚E?

45˚E= 4p.m.
75˚E?

Since we are not calculating time from Greenwich we need to find the difference in degrees between
45˚ and 75˚

Difference in degrees= 75˚ - 45˚ = 30˚

15˚ = 1 hour
30˚ = 30 = 2 hours
15

Time will be 4p.m. + 2 hours = 6 p.m. We add as we are travelling in an eastern direction.

2. If it is 8 a.m. at 75˚W what is the time 15˚W?

75˚W= 8a.m.
15˚W?

Difference in degrees= 75˚ - 15˚ = 60˚

15˚ = 1 hour
60˚ = 60 = 4 hours
15

Time will be 8a.m. + 4 hours = 12 noon. Although we are west we are travelling in an eastern direction
so we add.

3. NOW YOU TRY!

If the time 70˚E is 7 p.m. what will be the time 35˚E?

49
CALCULATING TIME FROM EAST TO WEST AND WEST TO EAST

1. If it is 6 p.m. at 45˚E what time will it be at 60˚W?

45˚E= 6 p.m.
60˚W?

NEW RULE: Sine we are moving from one hemisphere to another we add to find difference in degrees.

Difference in degrees= 45˚ + 60˚ = 105˚

15˚ = 1 hour
105˚ = 105 = 7 hours
15

Time will be 6 p.m. - 7 hours = 11 a.m. Since we are going west we minus.

2. 1. If it is 10 p.m. at 25˚W what time will it be at 73˚E?

25˚W= 10 p.m.
73˚E?

Difference in degrees= 25˚ + 73˚ = 98˚

15˚ = 1 hour
98˚ = 98 = 6 hours 8 ˚ Since 1˚=4minutes 8˚x4 = 32 minutes
15

Time will be 10 p.m. + 6 hours and 32 minutes = 4.32 a.m. Since we are going east we add.

3. NOW TRY THIS!

The time at 125˚E is 6 a.m. What will be the time 45˚W?

50
 THE INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE

 A traveller moving westwards may eventually meet the International Date Line where the
180˚W meridian meets the 180˚E meridian. Here there is a difference of one day. It signifies the
beginning and end of the world’s 24 hour time zone.
 A traveller moving from east to west and meets the International Date Line loses a day that is,
Saturday April 25th becomes Sunday April 25th. A day is lost moving east to west.
 A traveller moving west to east and meets the International Date Line gains a day that is,
Tuesday 24 April becomes Monday 23rd April. A day is gained moving west to east.

INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE

END MAP WORK

51
 MAPWORK –MULTIPLE CHOICE EXAM

Items 1-4 refer to the map extract at a scale of 1: 50,000

1. What is the direction of the trig station at shotover (729463) from Robertson Hall (711471)?

a) Northeast
b) Southeast
c) Northwest
d) Southwest

52
2. What is the contour interval in feet, in grid square 7045 (labelled T)?

a) 50
b) 100
c) 150
d) 250

3. The height if feet of the highest point in grid square 7045 (labelled T) is approximately

a) 2250
b) 2500
c) 2750
d) 3000

4. What is the gird bearing of Robertson’s Hall (711471) from the trig station at Shotover (729463)?

a) 65˚
b) 115˚
c) 295˚
d) 355˚

Item 5 refer to the diagram

5. In what general direction is the river flowing?

a) East to West
b) North to South
c) Southwest to northwest
d) Southwest to northeast

6. Which of the following phrases refers to eastings?

a) Vertical lines that decreases in value eastwards

b) Vertical lines that increase in value eastwards
c) Horizontal lines that increase in value northwards
d) Horizontal lines that decrease in value northwards

53
Items 7 refers to the following sketch map of an area

7. Which of the following types of settlement will MOST likely develop between Y and Z?

a) Linear
b) Isolated
c) Dispersed
d) Nucleated

Item 8-10 refer to the following map.

54
8. A contour profile from Point R to Point X would look like

9. Which of the following features are found at T on the map?

a) Bay and beach

b) Headland and bay
c) Beach and Headland
d) Cliffs and coral reefs

10. Which of the following words BEST describes the slope represented by the contour lines between T
and V?

a) steep
b) gentle
c) moderate
d) undulating

55
Item 11 refers to the following contour map of an area.

11. The type of slope shown in the landform may be described as

a) gentle
b) convex
c) uniform
d) concave

Items 12-15 refer to the following map.

56
12. What is the contour interval used on the map?

a) 50ft
b) 100ft
c) 200ft
d) 300ft

13. In which of the following directions does Boot River flow?

a) NW
b) SW
c) NE
d) SE

14. What settlement pattern is shown in the grid square labelled A?

a) Linear
b) Nucleated
c) Isolated
d) Dispersed

Item 15 refers to the following diagram.

15. In the diagram above the feature labelled 1 is

a) mouth
b) tributary
c) confluence
d) distributary

57
Item 16 refer to the diagram

16. On the diagram above, the landform shown at X and Y respectively are

a) plateau and ridge

b) coastal plain and plateau
c) ridge and round-topped hill
d) coastal plain and round-topped hill

Items 17-19 refer to the sketch map

58
17. The feature labelled S is situated in grid square

a) 2728
b) 2793
c) 9327
d) 9394

18. The feature passing through Q is a

a) road
b) river
c) canal
d) railway

19. What is the form of settlement in which the church is located?

a) Linear
b) Isolated
c) Dispersed
d) Nucleated

Items 20-22 refer to the world map

59
20. What is the location of St. Petersburg?

a) 30˚N 90˚W
b) 30˚N 60˚W
c) 60˚N 30˚E
d) 60˚N 30˚W

21. The direction of the prime meridian from New Orleans is

a) East
b) West
c) North
d) South

22. What time is it in New Orleans when it is 10.00 p.m. on Monday in St. Petersburg?

a) 2.00 p.m. Monday

b) 2.00 a.m. Monday
c) 2.00 p.m. Sunday
d) 2.00 a.m. Sunday

Item 23 refers to the following contour sketch map (contours in metres) showing Points X and W and
Area Y.

23. The bearing of X from W is approximately

a) 045˚
b) 135˚
c) 225˚
d) 315˚

60
Items 24-31 refer to the map showing some islands of the Eastern Caribbean. Five islands are labelled I,
II, III, IV and V.

24. In which direction should an airplane fly on leaving Marie Galante to go to Saba?

a) NE
b) SE
c) SW
d) NW

61
25. The grid bearing of Sint Eustatius from Marie-Galante is

a) 045˚
b) 135˚
c) 225˚
d) 315˚

26. What is the location of the island labelled II?

a) 14˚N 61˚E
b) 14˚N 61˚W
c) 61˚N 14˚W
d) 61˚N 14˚E

27. The name of the island labelled I is?

a) Antigua
b) Grenada
c) Dominica
d) St. Lucia

28. St. Martin is located on the line of Latitude that is approximately

a) 18˚N
b) 18˚S
c) 63˚E
d) 63˚W

29. The straight-line distance in km, between Saba and Marie Galante is approximately

a) 175
b) 240
c) 280
d) 320

30. To which of the following groups do the islands labelled II, III, IV belong?

a) Greater Antilles
b) Leeward Antilles
c) Leeward Islands
d) Windward Islands
31. The island labelled V is closer to which of the following regions?

a) North America
b) South America
c) Central America
d) Western America
62
Items 32-33 refer to the following map extract of the Black River area, Jamaica.

32. The feature labelled x at (257412) is a

a) Confluence
b) Distributary
c) River capture
d) Deferred junction

33. The general direction of flow of the Black River is

a) SE
b) NE
c) NNE
d) SSW

63
Item 34 refer to the diagram

34. The diagram shows a mountain with tributaries leading to a river which flows into the sea. The
dotted line represents

a) a plateau
b) the hilltop
c) the watershed
d) the drainage basin

Items 35-39 refer to the map of the Caribbean region.

64
35. Which island is located at 14˚N 61˚W?

a) Trinidad
b) Barbados
c) St. Lucia
d) Saint Vincent

36. Havana is located at

a) 28˚N 82˚E
b) 28˚N 88˚W
c) 23˚N 88˚E
d) 23˚N 82˚W

37. Which city is located 1000km from Santo Domingo?

a) San Juan
b) Kingston
c) Montego Bay
d) Port-au-Prince

38. An aeroplane leaves Port-Of-Spain Trinidad for Kingston, Jamaica. Which general direction should it
fly?

a) NE
b) NW
c) SE
d) SW

39. If the time in Santo Domingo is 3.00 p.m., what is the time in Belmopan?

a) 2.00 a.m.
b) 2.00 p.m.
c) 4.00 a.m.
d) 4.00 p.m.

Item 40 refers to the following statement.

The horizontal distance between two points on a slope is 400m and the difference in height is 80m.

40. What is the gradient of the slope?

a) 1 in 5
b) 1 in 8
c) 1 in 10
d) 1 in 20
65
41. Which of the following statements about lines of latitudes is true?

a) They meet at the poles

b) They are all great circles
c) They represent angular distance from the Prime Meridian
d) They represent angular distance north and south o the Equator

Items 42-45 refer to the following contour sketch map(contour in meters) showing Points X and W and
Area Y (shaded).

42. The grid reference of Point X is

a) 345 410
b) 345 415
c) 410 345
d) 415 345

43. The bearing of X from Y is

a) 045˚
b) 135˚
c) 225˚
d) 315˚

44. The vertical interval is

a) 20m
b) 40m
c) 60m
d) 80m

66
45. The shaded landform shown at Y is a

a) hill
b) ridge
c) valley
d) spur

Items 46-48 refer to the map of Golden Grove Jamaica and its environs

46. What is the grid reference of the school (sch) at Golden Grove?

a) 273 426
b) 287 434
c) 426 273
d) 434 287

67
47. The general direction of Port Morant from Golden Grove is

a) NE
b) NW
c) SW
d) SE

48. The bearing of the main road junction at Golden Grove from the main road junction at Arcadia
Junction (near easting 24) is approximately

a) 045˚
b) 132˚
c) 228˚
d) 312˚

Item 49-50 refer to the sketch map below.

49. What is the type of slope at XY?

a) Dip
b) Scarp
c) Convex
d) Concave

50. The approximate gradient of the line AB is

a) 1 in 10
b) 1 in 20
c) 1in 40
d) 1 in 50
68
Items 51-55 refer to the map of the Caribbean region.

51. Which country is located 13˚N 59˚W?

a) St. Lucia
b) Trinidad
c) Barbados
d) St. Vincent

52. Santo Domingo is located at

a) 18˚S 70˚W
b) 18˚N 70˚W
c) 20˚N 70˚E
d) 22˚N 70˚W

53. Which city is located 1000km from Montego Bay?

a) Havana
b) Belmopan
c) Port-au-Prince
d) Santo Domingo

69
54. An airplane leaves San Juan , Puerto Rico for Barbados. In which general direction will it fly?

a) SW
b) SE
c) NW
d) NE

55. If the time in Belmopan is 3.00 p.m. what is the time in Santo Domingo?

a) 2.00 a.m.
b) 2.00 p.m.
c) 4.00 a.m.
d) 4.00 p.m.

Items 56-57 refer to the sketch map below

56. What is the type of slope at XY?

a) Terraced
b) Scarp
c) Concave
d) Convex

57. What is the grid reference for point B?

a) 506 737
b) 516 736
c) 736 507
d) 745 513
70
Items 58-59 refer to the following contour map.

58. Which of the following pairs of points is intervisible according to the map?

a) P and T
b) R and S
c) Q and R
d) S and T

59. Between which of the following pairs of points is the gradient STEEPEST?

a) P and Q
b) R and S
c) Q and R
d) S and T

60. Which of the following is an example of an isopleths map?

a) dot map
b) political map
c) contour map
d) vegetation map

61. When a traveller crosses the International Date Line while going westwards, he will have to

a) add half a day to his calendar

b) add one full day to his calendar
c) continue with his calendar as normal
d) subtract one full day from his calendar

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Item 62 refer to the map of Trinidad

62. The straight line distance between Brechin Castle and Sangre Grande is approximately

a) 25 miles
b) 35miles
c) 45 miles
d) 55 miles

63. A scale of 1: 10,000 on a map would indicate that

a) The map is 10,000 larger than the ground it represents

b) 1 unit on the map represents 10,000 units on the ground
c) 1 inch on the map represents 10, 000 feet on the ground
d) 1 inch on the map represents 10,000 miles on the ground

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