Sentences

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 Based on Structure and purpose
Simple Sentence – A sentence with one independent clause.
Example: "She runs every morning."
Compound Sentence – A sentence with two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction
(e.g., and, but, or).
Example: "She runs every morning, and he joins her sometimes."
Complex Sentence – A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent (subordinate)
clause.
Example: "She runs every morning because she enjoys it."
Compound-Complex Sentence – A sentence with at least two independent clauses and at least one
dependent clause.
Example: "She runs every morning because she enjoys it, and he joins her when he can."
 Based on Structure
1. Simple Sentence
A simple sentence contains only one independent clause (a complete thought) with a subject and a verb.
Example 1: "The sun is shining."
Example 2: "She reads books every day."
Example 3: "John loves pizza."
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2. Compound Sentence
A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses, usually joined by coordinating conjunctions like
and, but, or, so, for, nor, or yet. Each clause can stand as a sentence on its own.
Example 1: "She likes ice cream, and he loves chocolate."
Example 2: "I wanted to stay home, but I had to go to work."
Example 3: "He didn’t study for the test, so he didn’t do well."
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Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses.
Dependent clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions like because, although, if, when, or since and cannot
stand alone as a sentence.
Example 1: "She didn’t go to the party because she was feeling sick."
Example 2: "Although it was raining, we decided to go for a walk."
Example 3: "He’ll pass the exam if he studies hard."
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Compound-Complex Sentence
A compound-complex sentence has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. This
combines the elements of both compound and complex sentences.
Example 1: "She didn’t go to the party because she was feeling sick, but she sent a gift to her friend."
Example 2: "Although he was tired, he stayed up late to finish his work, and he completed it on time."
Example 3: "I’ll come to the meeting if I finish my project, but I can’t promise anything yet."
 Based on purpose
Declarative Sentence (Statement)
A declarative sentence makes a statement or expresses an opinion. It ends with a period (full stop).
Example 1: "The sky is blue."
Example 2: "She enjoys playing tennis."
Example 3: "I believe we should leave now."
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Interrogative Sentence (Question)
An interrogative sentence asks a question and ends with a question mark.
Example 1: "What time is it?"
Example 2: "Do you like ice cream?"
Example 3: "Where are you going?"
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Imperative Sentence (Command)
An imperative sentence gives a command or request. It usually ends with a period, but it can also end with an
exclamation mark.
Example 1: "Close the door."
Example 2: "Please pass me the salt."
Example 3: "Stop talking!"
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Exclamatory Sentence (Exclamation)
An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotion or excitement. It ends with an exclamation mark.
Example 1: "What a beautiful day!"
Example 2: "I can’t believe you won the race!"
Example 3: "That’s amazing!"
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Exclamatory Sentence (Exclamation)
An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotion or excitement. It ends with an exclamation mark.
Example 1: "What a beautiful day!"
Example 2: "I can’t believe you won the race!"
Example 3: "That’s amazing!"
 Based on Structure
Exclamatory Sentence (Exclamation)
An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotion or excitement. It ends with an exclamation mark.
Example 1: "What a beautiful day!"
Example 2: "I can’t believe you won the race!"
Example 3: "That’s amazing!"
 Based on Structure
Simple to Compound:
Simple: "I went to the store."
Compound: "I went to the store, and I bought some milk."
Simple to Complex:
Simple: "She was late."
Complex: "She was late because her car broke down."
Compound to Compound-Complex:
Compound: "He loves football, and he plays every weekend."
Compound-Complex: "He loves football, and he plays every weekend, although he sometimes feels tired."
 Based on Structure
What is a Simple Sentence?
A simple sentence is a sentence that consists of only one independent clause. It has a subject (who or what
the sentence is about) and a predicate (what the subject is doing or the state of being of the subject), and it
expresses a complete thought.
Key Features of a Simple Sentence:
One Independent Clause: A simple sentence has only one independent clause, which means it contains a
subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete idea on its own.
Example: "He reads."
"He" is the subject.
"Reads" is the verb (predicate).
It is a complete thought.
Single Subject or Compound Subject: A simple sentence can have one subject or a compound subject (more
than one subject joined by a conjunction).

Single Subject Example: "The cat sleeps."

"The cat" is the subject.
Compound Subject Example: "Tom and Jerry play."
"Tom" and "Jerry" are two subjects connected by "and."
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Single Verb or Compound Verb: It can have one verb or a compound verb (more than one verb joined by a
conjunction).
Single Verb Example: "She sings."
"Sings" is the verb.
Compound Verb Example: "She sings and dances."
"Sings" and "dances" are two verbs connected by "and."
Modifiers: A simple sentence can have modifiers like adjectives, adverbs, and prepositional phrases to add
more information, but it still remains a simple sentence because there is only one independent clause.
Example with Modifiers: "The tall man quickly ran down the street."
"The tall man" is the subject.
"Ran" is the verb.
"Quickly" (adverb), "down the street" (prepositional phrase) are modifiers that add details.
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No Dependent Clauses: Unlike complex or compound-complex sentences, a simple sentence does not contain
dependent or subordinate clauses. However, it can have phrases.
Short or Long: Simple sentences can be very short or long, depending on how much detail is included, but they
are still classified as simple if they only contain one independent clause.
Short Simple Sentence: "Birds fly."
Longer Simple Sentence: "The beautiful birds in the sky fly gracefully through the clouds."
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What is a Compound Sentence?
A compound sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more independent clauses joined together,
usually with a coordinating conjunction, a semicolon, or a conjunctive adverb. Each clause in a compound
sentence is a complete sentence on its own, meaning it has a subject, a verb, and expresses a complete
thought.
Key Features of a Compound Sentence:
Two or More Independent Clauses:
A compound sentence has at least two independent clauses, and each can stand alone as a complete
sentence.
Example: "I went to the store, and I bought some milk."
Independent Clause 1: "I went to the store."
Independent Clause 2: "I bought some milk."
 Based on Structure
Joined by Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS):
The independent clauses are often joined by a coordinating conjunction: FANBOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet,
So).
Example: "She wanted to go to the beach, but it started to rain."
"But" connects the two clauses.
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Joined by a Semicolon (;):
Independent clauses can also be joined with a semicolon, especially if they are closely related and there is no
conjunction.
Example: "I love reading; it helps me relax."
No conjunction is used, but the semicolon links the related ideas.
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Joined by a Conjunctive Adverb:
Independent clauses can also be joined by a conjunctive adverb such as however, therefore, consequently,
meanwhile, moreover, etc., often with a semicolon before the conjunctive adverb and a comma after it.
Example: "He didn’t study for the test; therefore, he failed."
"Therefore" is the conjunctive adverb showing the cause-effect relationship between the clauses.
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Each Clause Stands Alone:
A crucial aspect of compound sentences is that each independent clause could be a sentence by itself, but the
conjunction or punctuation links them to show a relationship between the ideas.
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Balance of Ideas:
In compound sentences, the two or more clauses are often equal in importance or parallel in structure. The
use of compound sentences helps emphasize balance or contrast between ideas.
Example: "The sky was clear, and the sun was shining."
Both clauses are equally important and parallel in structure.
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Examples of Compound Sentences:
Using Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS):
"I wanted to go for a walk, but it was raining."
"She is tired, so she’s going to bed early."
"You can go to the party, or you can stay home."
Using a Semicolon:
"The dog barked loudly; the neighbors complained."
"She finished her homework; she went to bed."
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Using a Conjunctive Adverb:
"I studied all night; however, I still didn’t pass the exam."
"We planned to visit the museum; instead, we went to the zoo."
"The flight was delayed; therefore, we missed the conference."
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More Examples of Compound Sentences:
"The road was icy, yet we managed to drive safely."
"She doesn’t like football, nor does she enjoy basketball."
"The sun was shining, and the birds were singing."
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What is a Complex Sentence?
A complex sentence is a sentence that contains one independent clause and at least one dependent
(subordinate) clause. The independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a
sentence, while the dependent clause provides additional information but cannot stand alone.
 Based on Structure
Key Features of Complex Sentences:
Independent Clause:
This clause can stand alone as a complete sentence.
Example: "She went to the store."
Dependent (Subordinate) Clause:
This clause cannot stand alone and depends on the independent clause to make sense. It provides
additional information about the independent clause.
Dependent clauses often begin with subordinating conjunctions such as because, although, if, when, since,
or while.
Example: "because she needed to buy groceries."
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Subordinating Conjunctions:
These conjunctions introduce dependent clauses and show the relationship between the dependent and
independent clauses.
Examples: because, although, if, when, since, after, before, while, unless.
Example: "She stayed home because it was raining."
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Punctuation:
When a complex sentence begins with the dependent clause, it is usually followed by a comma.
Example: "Although it was raining, she went to the park."
When the independent clause comes first, no comma is usually needed unless the dependent clause is long or
non-essential.
Example: "She went to the park because she wanted to get some fresh air."
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Types of Dependent Clauses:
Adjective (Relative) Clauses: Modify nouns and usually begin with relative pronouns like who, whom, whose,
which, or that.
Example: "The book that I borrowed is on the table."
Adverbial Clauses: Modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs and usually begin with subordinating conjunctions like
because, although, if, or when.
Example: "She left early because she was feeling unwell."
Noun Clauses: Function as a noun in the sentence and usually begin with that, whether, or if.
Example: "What she said was surprising."
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Types of Dependent Clauses:
Adjective (Relative) Clauses: Modify nouns and usually begin with relative pronouns like who, whom, whose,
which, or that.
Example: "The book that I borrowed is on the table."
Adverbial Clauses: Modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs and usually begin with subordinating conjunctions like
because, although, if, or when.
Example: "She left early because she was feeling unwell."
Noun Clauses: Function as a noun in the sentence and usually begin with that, whether, or if.
Example: "What she said was surprising."
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Examples of Complex Sentences:
Using Adverbial Clauses:
With Dependent Clause First:
"Because the weather was bad, the event was canceled."
"Although he was tired, he finished his homework."
With Independent Clause First:
"The event was canceled because the weather was bad."
"He finished his homework although he was tired."
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Using Adjective (Relative) Clauses:
With Dependent Clause First:
"The car that he bought is very expensive."
"She met the author whose book she had read."
With Independent Clause First:
"He bought a car that is very expensive."
"She met the author whose book she had read."
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Using Noun Clauses:
With Dependent Clause First:
"What she decided was a great choice."
"Whether we go to the beach depends on the weather."
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With Independent Clause First:"Her choice was a great one because she decided carefully."
"The decision depends on the weather whether we go to the beach."
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With Independent Clause First:"Her choice was a great one because she decided carefully."
"The decision depends on the weather whether we go to the beach."
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Complex Sentences with Different Subordinating Conjunctions:
Using because:
"She went to bed early because she had an early meeting."
Using although:
"Although it was late, they continued working."
Using if:
"If it rains tomorrow, the picnic will be postponed."
Using when:
"When the movie starts, please turn off your phone."
Using since:
"Since she was late, she missed the beginning of the lecture."
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Why Use Complex Sentences?
Add Depth and Detail: Complex sentences allow you to include additional details and nuances that help
convey more complex ideas.
Show Relationships: They demonstrate the relationships between different parts of a sentence, such as cause
and effect, contrast, or time.
Improve Writing Flow: By combining ideas into a single sentence, complex sentences can make writing more
fluid and less repetitive.
 Based on Structure
Examples in Different Contexts:
Everyday Use:
"I’ll go to the park if the weather is nice."
Academic Writing:
"The experiment was successful because it was conducted with great care and precision."
Narrative Writing:
"When the sun set, the sky turned a beautiful shade of orange, and the city lights began to twinkle."
 Based on Structure
What is a Compound-Complex Sentence?
A compound-complex sentence is a type of sentence that combines the features of both compound and
complex sentences. Specifically, it has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent
(subordinate) clause. This structure allows for expressing multiple related ideas with a combination of balance
and detail.
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Key Features of Compound-Complex Sentences:
At Least Two Independent Clauses:
Each independent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence. They are connected by coordinating
conjunctions (FANBOYS), semicolons, or conjunctive adverbs.
Example: "She finished her homework, and she watched TV."
At Least One Dependent (Subordinate) Clause:
The dependent clause adds additional information to the independent clauses and cannot stand alone. It is
connected to the independent clauses by subordinating conjunctions like because, although, if, or when.
Example: "She finished her homework because she wanted to relax."
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Multiple Relationships:
Compound-complex sentences often show complex relationships between ideas, such as cause and effect,
contrast, or condition, while maintaining a balanced structure with multiple independent clauses.
Example: "Although it was raining, she finished her work, and then she went out for a walk."
Variety of Connectors:
You can use a variety of connectors to combine the clauses, including coordinating conjunctions,
semicolons, and conjunctive adverbs.
Example: "He didn’t like the movie; however, he stayed until the end because his friend wanted to see it."
 Based on Structure
Examples of Compound-Complex Sentences:
Using Coordinating Conjunctions:
Example 1: "Although the team practiced hard, they didn’t win the match, and they were disappointed."
Independent Clauses: "They didn’t win the match," "They were disappointed."
Dependent Clause: "Although the team practiced hard."
Example 2: "She went to the market, and she bought groceries, which she needed for the week.“

Independent Clauses: "She went to the market," "She bought groceries."

Dependent Clause: "which she needed for the week" (relative clause modifying "groceries").
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Using Semicolons and Conjunctive Adverbs:
Example 1: "I wanted to visit the museum; however, it was closed because of maintenance."
Independent Clauses: "I wanted to visit the museum," "it was closed."
Dependent Clause: "because of maintenance."
Example 2: "She finished her report, so she went to lunch; however, she forgot to send it to her boss."
Independent Clauses: "She finished her report," "she went to lunch," "she forgot to send it to her boss."
Dependent Clause: None in this example, but notice the use of multiple independent clauses and
conjunctive adverbs.
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Using Subordinating Conjunctions:
Example 1: "When the bell rang, the students left the classroom, and the teacher started grading papers."
Independent Clauses: "The students left the classroom," "the teacher started grading papers."
Dependent Clause: "When the bell rang."
Example 2: "I will go to the beach if the weather is nice, and I will bring sunscreen."
Independent Clauses: "I will go to the beach," "I will bring sunscreen."
Dependent Clause: "if the weather is nice."
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Why Use Compound-Complex Sentences?
Express Multiple Ideas: They allow you to convey more detailed and nuanced information by combining
multiple independent clauses with dependent clauses.
Show Relationships: They can illustrate complex relationships between ideas, such as cause and effect or
conditions, while maintaining balance and structure.
Enhance Writing: They add variety and depth to writing, making it more engaging and sophisticated.
 Based on Structure
Examples in Different Contexts:
Everyday Use:
"Although she was tired, she finished her work, and then she watched her favorite TV show."
Academic Writing:
"The experiment was successful because the conditions were controlled, and the results were consistent
with previous studies."
Narrative Writing:
"When the sun set, the sky turned red, and the city lights started to shine, which made the view
breathtaking."
 Based on Structure
Examples in Different Contexts:
Everyday Use:
"Although she was tired, she finished her work, and then she watched her favorite TV show."
Academic Writing:
"The experiment was successful because the conditions were controlled, and the results were consistent
with previous studies."
Narrative Writing:
"When the sun set, the sky turned red, and the city lights started to shine, which made the view
breathtaking."