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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
154 views99 pagesBasic Mathematics (MR BHB)
It is the basic math question pdf of sindh uni jamshoro past. Papers
Uploaded by
arshuirfiiCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
BASIC MATHEMATICS
4A. Nosomen SYSTEM
“NuMBER RULES THE LINIVERSE.” PYTHAGORAS
Natural Numbers —
These are also called Counti 5, ... and are known as natural numbers.
‘The set of all natural m yy N.
oth
"Whole Numbers
If we inelude 0 among (Ye Fataral Rumblit, theft the numbers 0, 1, 2,3, 4,5, ... are called
‘whole numbers. The set of whole numbers can be represented by w. Clearly, every natural
umber is a whole number but 0 is a whole number which is not a natural number.
W=(0,1,2,3,4,5,..}
All counting numbers and their negatives including zero are known as integers. Z or
‘The set of integers can be represented by
Zorl={...—4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4, ..}
+ (Positive Integers} The set I+ = (1,2, 3, 4, ....is the set of all positive integers.
+ [Negative Integers:]The set I- = (-1, -2, -, ...]is the set of all negative integers. 0
neither positive nor negative.
+ [Non-negative Integers:|The set (0, 1,2,3,
Note: Only whole numbers are integers. Therefore;
can never be integers.
_ Rational Numbers —
‘The numbers of the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q ¥ 0, are known as rations!
43
numbers, eg. 7
-] is the set of all non-negative integers.
fractions, decimals, percent and exponents
3° etc. The set ofall rational numbers is denoted bya jrational Numbers
Those Heiner Which Vehien.rorsssad (0 dehy form are neither terminating, nor
apeating decimals are known as irrational numbers, eg, ¥2,V3,V5,n, etc. Any number that is
stratona is called an irrational number irrational gareoy bbe expressed in the form of fraction.
2 =1.41421356237309.,,
The real numbers is the set of num ig allof the rational numbers and all of the
‘tional numbers. The real numbers s” on the number line. There are
‘initely many real numbers just as there numbers in each of the other sets of
numbers. Nearly any number you can ‘number. Real numbers can also be
positive, negative or zero.
| Norte MR. BH. B
A straight line on which each point represents a real number. It is a geometric
*sresentation of numerical values. A point is chosen on the line to be the origin’, points to the
‘ight are positive, and points to the left are negative.
15 T “Origin” 2
ie 36 a 2 il wae
Hoye yy yp san
4 eT 0 1 m 3 4
4 a a ¢-i-—>
fe}
and also in
A distance is chosen to be "1", then whole numbers are marked off: (1,2,3,..),
Rative d awd
i f two, The number fou
‘an be divided evenly into groups o!
7 groups of two. Even numbers always end with a digit of 0,2, 4, 6 or 8,
2,4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30... and s0 on, are even numbers,
[, O44 numbers fan NOT be divided evenly into groups of two. The number five can be
Talo two groups of two and one group of one. Odd numbers always end with a digit of 1,
57,009,
1,3,5,7,9, 11 13,15, 17, 19, 21, 23,
can be divided
27,2
are odd numbers, Consider the number 3,842,917. It ends in 7, an odd number. Therefore, 342,917 is an ogg
number. Likewise, 8,322 is an even number because it ends in 2.
Remember: Zero is an even number because it satisfies the condition of even number, it ig
an integer multiple of 2.
Prime Numbers
A prime number can be divided, without a remainder, only by itself and by 1. For
example, 17 can be divided only by 17 and by 1.
Some facts:
+ The only even prime number is 2. All other even numbers can be divided by 2 also,
* Noprime number greater than 5 ends in a 5. Any number greater than 5 that ends ina
5 can be divided by 5.
* Zeroand 1 are not considered prime numbers.
Here is a table of all prime numbers up to 200:
| 2 3 7 n [Ts 7 6 B
[_» 31 7 “1 ” 3 2 6 @
[2 73 2 101 103 w |
ns | im | im wm | iw | io |
apart ee Te re
MR. B. H. B
Natural numbers greater than 1 which are not prime, are known as composite numbers.
For example, each of the numbers 4, 6,8, 9, 12, etc, are composite numbers.
1. Which number is not rational?
fa) 4 (b) 03 (©) 6.171717 @ V3
2. Which number is rational, an integer, a whole number, and a natural number?
(a) 0.17 (b) 36/12 0 (a) 3/4
3. When is a fraction irrational?
(a) When it is a mixed number (b) When it is improper
(c) When it is negative (a) Never
4. The number ¥16 is which of these following?
(a) Rational (b) Integer (©) Whole (4) All of these
5. ‘The number 1.34343434... is which of the following?
(a) Irrational (b) Rational
(©) Rational and Integer (4) Rational, Integer, and Whole
6. 1 (pi) is which of the following? (a) Irrational
ia Batons (b) Irrational and Integer
ee f (4) Rational and Integer
b — nearer is they = hala number that is not a natural number?
eee 1 0 (d) 1/2
3, Which num! er 8 A non-terminating/non-repeating decimal?
(a) Vide (b) 1.626262... (©) 9.089 (a) v5
4. The symbol used to represent the set of integers is
@R (b) W ©Q (d) Zorl
10, Which number is not an integer?
fa) ¥81 (b) 4.3333, © 2 d) 0
Factor]is defined as a number i tly into another number and which
indicates a specific multiple, number or quantity. It can also be called as a divisor of the number.
So, Lis a factor of all existing numbers Bécausé4 can bé mulliplied with any number.
Example: 1x2x3=6
Therefore, 1, 2 and 3 are the factors of the number 6.
There are two ways to find out factors of a number.
* Factoring through division method.
nae — tree method,
* Step1: 21/16
© Step 2: If we divide 16 by the prime factor until we have 1 as a quotient,
Therefore, the factors of [16 are, 2x2 x2x2
Find the factors of 16 using tree method ig of a tree, it is 16, That is the parent
the node have not a child node while 8 is
prime number in the child node.
rgest of all the common
land Greatest Common
TUS very easy To find a LCF. Gand 9 (it is 3) or 8 and 4 (itis
4). The best way is to keep finding the factors of the smaller number, starting from the largest
factor. The first factor of the smaller number that is also a factor of the larger number is a H.CF.
For larger numbers one can use the following method:
1. Find all prime factors of both numbers.
2. Write both numbers as a multiplication of prime numbers.
3._ Find which factors are repeating in both numbers and multiply them to get H.C.
24422 (3\
2k3x3
If we write down the numbers that are the’same in both lists, they will give us the hi
common factor of 24 and 36: 'y will give us ighest wilido the same with the result (or
i i til
wehave 1 a8 a quotient. Each time we sect and we will keep dividing by prime numbers unti
‘we write the prime factor to the right and the quotient below:
wl 2 2is a factor of 240;
me 2s a factor of 120;
8.18 2isa factor of 60;
o)s 2 is a factor of 30;
Bie 3isa factor of 15;
#8 5iisa factor of 5;
1
240 =2x2x2x2x3x5
Finding all prime factors of 924:
m | 2 2is a factor of 924;
| 2 3
a | 3
ny
nyu
1
2x3K7x
Multiply the factors which repeat in both numbers to get the H.C.
st Common Factor is2x2x3=12
mmon multiple is the smallest positive number that is a multiple of two or
ore tes coe rvati, LCM is referred as lowest common multiple, least common
Multiple, smallest common multiple or least common factor. A multiple of a number is the
Foe aan contend any other whole number. Multiples are what we get after
Buliplying the number by an integer (nota fraction) Example: Multiples of 3: 3, 6,9, 12, .
So we know that 9 is a multiple of 3,as 3 x3=9
But? is NOT a multiple of 3 ;
How to Find the Least Common Multiple
There are two widely used methods to find the “CM.
Method 1
* Step 1-We w1
* Step 2- Then we look for the
‘ample: Least Common Multiple of 3 and
7.
rite the multiples of each number (multiplying by 1,2,3, etc).
smallest number that appears in each list. ‘© The multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, ete
‘© The multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ete
+ Find the first Common (same) value:
15isa common multiple of 3 and 5, and is the smallest, or least, common multiple
Multiples of 4 are: 4,8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36..
Multiples of 6 are: 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48.
‘We observe that the common mult!
Gnionie saa a oma is simply the smallest of the common multiples.
Method 2— Prime Factorization Method
To use this method factor each of the numbers into primes. Then, for each different prime
number in all of the factorizations, we do the following steps:
: Wike the biggest number of these counts.
multiple of all the prime numbers having
IM. PWe hae, 24 + Px2x253 = 23 x3
A 36 = 22x33 = Bx
2x2x295 = 2x5
Here, 2, 3 and 5 are the prime factors. Highest power of 2, 3 and 5 are 3, 2 and 1,
respectively.
Hence, the LCM of 24, 36 and 40 = 23 x 3? x5 =8x9x5=360.
Use Method number 1 to find the LCM:
15 and 12
14and 28
18 and 12
10, 12, and 8
14,21 and 35,
30, 50 and 60
Use Method number 2 (Prime Factors) to find the LCM:
7. 24and 20
8. 9,15and 25
Find the GCF and LCM:
% 24,32 10. 72,40 1. 98,35 12. 490,700
veepe
° B 1 takes Jun Kit 35 seconds to pack and label a box of electronic components. The same job
takes Lucas 42 seconds and Fleming 28 seconds. If they all start at the same time, after
how many seconds will they all want to use the labelling machine at once?
14, Spring flowering bulbs are on sale at Austin’s garden shop. Travis and Sydney want to
buy equal amounts of all four kinds. What is the least number of each kind they can they
can buy? (Crocus ~ 6 for $1.65; Tulip ~ 4 for $3.50; Daffodil - 3 for $1.95; Hyacinth — 5 for
$225).
18, Brendan and Paul work part-time in the local pet store. Brendan works every fourth day.
Paul works every sixth day. The store is open seven days a week. When will they work
together?
‘The[EXPORERof a number says how many times to use the number in a multiplication. In
# the "2" says to use 8 twice ina multiplication, so
P=8x8=64
In other words: 8 could be called "8 to the power 2" or “8 to the second power’, or simply
“Ssquared”. Exponents are thing that's being multiplied, being 5
inthis example, is called is
o Example: 5° =5x5x5=125
Ta Words: 5” Could be called "5 to the
o| Example:
power 3" or simply "5 cubed”,
=2x2x2x2=16
led "2 te Furth pdwer" bH"2 to
le power 4" or simply "2 to the 4th”.
“Sete eres eee
iegative? What could be the opposite of multiph
lying? Dividing! A negative exponent
means how many times to divide one by the number. Example: 8
+8=0.125
Examples:
Negative Exponent _Reciprocal of Positive Exponent __Answer
2p =1/# = 1/16 = 0.0625
10° = 1/10 = 1/1,000 = 0.001
(yp =1/(2p = 1/(8) =-0.125,
_Factonal Exponents
\
+ Anexponent of 1/2is actually square root for example 2? is equal to V2
1
* And an exponent of */3 is cube root. Example 2° is the same as V2
+ Anexponent of 1/4 is 4th root of edi’) eg =9
1
So 9? times itself gives 9.
Unportat Res)
Below is List of Rules for Exponents and an example of using each rule:
Zero-Exponent Rule|a®= 1, fis says that anything raised to the |
zero power is 1. (68 ytpa1
Power Rule (Powers to Bower) aehw ate He says that to raise a (x8) = x20
power toa power you need to multiply the exponents.
Negative Exponent Rule: , |this says that negative
a
exponents in the numerator get moved to the denominator and
become positive exponents.
[== = Siemipaintto mally wo
it sammie Ba > Wi the bae and add the
2
tient Rule: — =a", Ni ivi
Quotien sf ar 727". Ap pays that to givide fqo exponents
with the same base, you keep the base and subtract the powers.
We have reviewed the rules for exponents, here are the steps required for sim; lifying
exponential expressions (notice that we apply the rules in the same ae the rule were ech
above):
ei
ay?
(25
Step 1: Apply the Zero-Exponent Rule, In this case, there areno
zero powers.
Example: Simplify:
‘Step 2: Apply the Power Rule,
Step 3: Apply the Negative Exponent Rule. Move every
negative exponent in the numerator to the denominator and vice
versa.
‘Step 4: Apply the Product Rule. inthis ease, the product rule
does not a)
— $$$ ——————
[&) WhatsApp: 0315-56879: [Step 5: Apply the Quotient Rule. In
te numerator and the y's Sep eetia Cee
Step & Raise each coefficient
and then simplify or redi
(or number) to the appropriate
reduce any
biscase, the fraction does not redeeming fractions. In
6 (b) ~6 (0 6x5 (@) 5
2 Evaluate: 4°
(a) 1296 (b) 4096 10 (a) 24
3 Write one billion as a power of 10.
(@) 10° (b) 10° (2) 10% (a) 108
4 Evaluate: (-15)"
(@) -1 ) 1 i) 0 (@) -15
5 Evaluate: ~ (10%)? 7
(a) 7 1 {d) -1
6 State which operation you would 849x6-5,
(a) Square 6 (© Subtract 5 from 6
(b) Add 8 and 9 MR. B. Hea stintipty 9&6
7. Evaluate: 5° - (~6)°
(@) 33 (b) -91 fo @ 3
& Evaluate: (2 + 3? - (3-5?
(17 (b) -85 © 16 @ 33
9%. Write the product of 5* x 5+ as a single power.
(a) 106 (b) 5° (© 25 @ 5
10. Which answer is negative? i) (~7)"-ii) ~(7*, iii) ~(-7¥"
@) ionly (b) iand iii (©) iandii (@) ii and iii
a a ea efets 2. fate c
‘Tats fe pets “Roots” (or " Vy ire the ” i bs; You can “undge
‘Roots’ (or “radicals") re the “opposite” operation of applying exponent ty
4 power with a radical, and a radical can "undo" a power. For instance, if you square 2, you get 4
and if you “take the square root of 4", you get 2.
2 =4,s0 V4 =2
3 =9, 50/9 =3
The * J” *is called the “radical” symbol. The expression "y9 " is read as "root nine", “radical
nine”, or "the square root of nine”.
‘You can raise numbers to powers other than just 2; you can cube things, raise them to the
fourth power, raise them to the 100th power, and so forth. In the same way, you can take the cube
root of a number, the fourth root, the 100th root, and so on.
To indicate some root other than a square root, you use the same radical symbol, but you
insert a number into the radical, tucking it into the "check mark" part. For instance,
# = 64,50 YG =4
The "3" in the above is the “inde
ical; the "64" is "the argument of the radical’,
al
© acube (third) root is writ!
. ne B. Hi B
* a fifth root is written as
To simplify a square root, you “take out” anything that is a “pert "5 that is
take out front anythin ‘Opies of the same factor: aoe
« V8 = AF a15
Note that the value of the slmplifed radical i always postive. When
z ’ ive, the
equation x? = 4, you ate trying to find all possible values that viene have been awe ‘4
But when you are just simplifying the expression V4 , en
‘8 called the “principal” root. Pression V4, the ONLY answer is "2; this positive rest
‘There are various ways. You cai »
and then taking two different. soi roach this simplification. One would be by factoring
Vids = Sout = VIVE = 3x4 12
‘The square root of 1 i ‘You probably already knew that 12? = 144, so obviously the square root of 144 must be 12.
Neither of 24 and 6 is a square, but what ha inside one radical?
N28 N6 = J24x6 = Ji44 = Vi2x12 =12
VIS = V3x25 = V5 V3 = 5.3
This answer is pronounced as “five root three™ It is proper form to put the radical at the
end of the expression. While /3 cannot be simplified further.
‘The 20 factors as 4x5, with the 4 being a perfect square. The r# has nine pairs of rs; the s is
unpaired; and the # has ten pairs of t's, with one f left over. Then:
V20r st = faxes,
A number is known as a perfect sqi
whole number in itself twice. For example,
When evaluating (often referred to as faking
Perfect square factors or not.
essed as the product of any other
perfect square as it can be expressed as 5 x 5.
reypot of given number, find if it has any
vi =1 since 1?=1
V4 =2since 2?=4
v9 =3 since 3?=9
Vi6é =4 since 4? = 16
VI5 =5 since 5*=25
36 = 6 since 6? = 36
V49 =7 since 7? = 49
VBI =9 since 9° = 81
Vi00 = 10 since 10° = 100
13 [7a [5 [ete]
2197 = =
It is easy to work out the cube root of a perfect cube, but itis really hard to work out other
“ube roots. Properties of square roots and radicals guide us on how to deal with roots when they
appear in algebra. Other properties are
2
9
+ kabel
Es
yw
ery every
ax +bVx=(a+ 0x
2 ale=vaxs
“MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQS)
Note: Do not use calculat those questions.
Which of the following ber?
@) 4 9 (©) 16 (a) 24
‘The square of 23 is:
(a) 529 M@®2%. H. Bm % (a) 429
‘The square of which of the following would be even number?
(a) 2826 (b) 7779 (©) 1057 (a) 131
How many natural numbers lie between 9 and 10°7
(a) 15 (b) 19 © 18 (a) 17
‘The square of -9 is
(a) -81 (b) 81 (©) 18 (a) 18
What is the smallest square number which is divisible by each of the numbers 6,9 a”
15?
(a) 900 (b) 810 (2.630 (a) 720
‘The cube of an even number is always s
(a) odd number (b) even number (©) prime number (d) none of thes
The symbol for cube root is
w 8 wy o 3 @
How many zeros will be there in the cube root of 27000?
(a) 3 (b) 0 @1 (d) 2 yo 148512, then V5i2 =
@ 8
(ag
| a | 7. ~ ]
J
Mathematicians have eneaaiie fer method to express very large numbers. This
nebhod is called scientific notation. Scientific Nota power ane
. tion is based f the base
11.The number 123,000,000,000 in scientific notation is written as: a
1.23 x 104
The first number 1.23 is called the coefficient or the digit term.
. It must be greater than or equal
toland less than 10. The second number is called the base, It must always be On scent talon
ote [2 Tay
feted
1
The base number 10 is always written in ¢
isreferred to as the exponent or po
decimal after the first digit and drop the zeroes.
1.23000000000
1.23
In the number 123,000,000,000 the coefficient will be 1.23.
To find the exponent count the number of places from the decimal to the end of the
‘umber. In 123,000,000,000 there are 11 places. Therefore, we write 123,000,000,000 as:
1.23X10"
‘The number 123,000,000,000 can also be written as: 1.23E+11 or as 1.23 X 10411
Here are some examples of scientific notation.
Examples
10000 = 1 x 10* 24327 = 2.4327 x 10°
7354 = 7.354 x 10°
482 = 4.82 x 10? 0.053 = 5.3 x 107
1/1000 = 0.001 = 1x 10” 0.0078 = 7.8 x 10”
1/0000 = 0.0001 = 1x 10 0.00044 = 4.4 x 10°
the exponent of 10 Is the number of places the decimal point must be
As you can see,
shifted to give the number in long form.
{A positive exponent shows that the decimal point is shifted that number of places to the
right for example 24327 = 24327 x 10!, A negative exponent shows that the decimal point is
shifted that number of places to the left for example 0,00044 = 4.4 x 10".
Rounding is used to make a number easier to work with. For example, if you know that
there are 496 students in your college, you can say thal there are approximately 500 students in
your college, When a number is rou aigeted off), itis approximated by eliminating the
least significant digits. For example be rounded down to 40 (this number was
1490
@z—> 100
‘The word significant means: having meaning.
With the number 368249, the 3 is the most significant digit, because it tells us that the
number is 3 hundred thousand and something, It follows that the 6 is the next most significant,
and so on. With the number 0.0000058763, the 5 is the most significant digit, because it tells us
that the number is 5 millionths and something, The 8 is the next most significant, and so on.
Whole numbers can be rounded to the tens place, hundreds place, thousands place, and so
‘on. Decimal numbers can also be rounded; this approximates the number to the nearest tenth,
hundredth, thousandth, or other decimal place.
Example: Round of 246, 257 to tens place
4, Determine which digit is to be rounded - now look at the digit to the right of this. For
‘example, if you are rounding the number 246 to the tens digit, the digit "4" (the tens digi!)
will be rounded and the "6" (the ones digit) is the digit that will become zero. 2. Ifthe digit to become zero is g ; s
immediately tothe lft of) remain ie, 3 oF 4 then the digit to be rounded (the digit
ing Dice ot & then the digit to be rounded is increased by one.
‘9 itn saat Soe ling 246 tothe tens digit, the "6s large enough to make the next
ia alah ta OA Lo "37, and the, number is rounded to 250.
BF ania redeem 2210 is 5: If the digit othe right of the digit is to be rounded is a five
(like 15 rounded to the tens digit or 257, rounded to the hundreds digit), then there are two
4A. Ifthere is at least one non-zero digi . , .
by one and the five bee ro digit after the five, then the digit to be rounded increases
somes a zer le, 257
rounded to the tens digt bee ‘0 (as do all the remaining digits). For example,
oa ‘Omes 260, and 1521 rounded to the thousands place becomes
4B. If there are no digits after the fi
. it i , then th
number could equally welt vs (OF the digits after the five are all zeros e
so that in large groups of data, half the time 5s are rounded up and half the time 5s are
rounded down, producing no bias in the data,
Examples of Rounding Numbers
Number Nearest ten Nei nj Nearest thousand
1,234 1,230 1,000
89,355 89,360 89,000
Decimal numbers can also unded, estimating-the number to the nearest tenth,
hundredth, thousandth, and so on. Ki ee ‘é 7 nee i
Examples of Rounding Decimals
Number Nearest tenth Nearest hundredth Nearest thousandth
1.2346 120r13 123 1.235
31.6479 31.6 31.65 31.648
1. Round off each of the following to the nearest whole number.
(a) 871 (b) 26.01 (©) 69.48 (a) 103.72
2 Round off the decimal:
(2) 3.153 to the nearest tenths (b) 10.126 to the nearest hundredths
(©) 5.0014 to the nearest thousandths (4) 5.992 to the nearest tenths
4 Find the value of
(a) 23.37 correct to 1 decimal place (b) 1.2003 correct to 3 decimal places
(©) 7.755 correct to 2 decimal places (d) 9.99 correct to 1 decimal place
4B ignificant digits in the following.
ne the number of signi a Ge @ [wm
76 a}
)
ost che Pt . or too | 5m | na
2 @) * a 90 © + 1.16 @ 109)
3. @ 23. Te ; © 4 @) i |
alae 3 ©.
MR. B. H. B you cut an object into smaller parts you need a way of expressing what these parts are.
Forexample, you can cut a pie into two equal pieces so that there are two
hues. The two halves make up the whgle dy
mathematically as:
You can also cut the pie into three equal/piéces, Le. thirds. The three
thirds make up the whole pie. Youygamwritqzanottet maffyematical
pression for this, too.
aA, “i —————_
Bela
eas
This way of expressing a part of a whole mathematically is called a
faction.
The top number |(fiiimi@rator) of a fraction tells how many parts
tere are. The bottom number (@@AOBAAEGE)F a fraction tells how many parts make a whole.
1 ‘Numerator
2 ~~ Denominator
Every fraction tells us about itself and the original whole it came from. For example, 2/5
Beans there were 5 ee in the whole and you have 2 of them.
of fractions.
_ Gammon ations oiled va atin popes ation) Tis typ of tn
‘Ssmaller than one but greater than zero. Denominator is larger than numerator.
1 og 2
ne)
where the top number (numerator) is larger than the
tually greater than one, 43
ret
a2
(UGMERRSaINENBERSTare those where a fraction is wrilten after a whole number.
ix
4
An improper fraction can be rearranged. to be written as a mixed number.
6_ 1
Gait
5S
(UB GGRVSTERE FRR ae rations that have the same value as each other
Note: If both the numeral d Proming br of any fraction are multiplied by the same
number the value ofthe fraction is ufichd
MRIxB.2 4 x3p 3
2x2 4 2x3 6
Fractions having the same denominators are called like fractions. For example, 2/15, 8/15,
17/15, ete. are like fractions. Fractions with different denominators are called unlike fractions.
For example, 2/13, 7/24, 9/125, etc, are unlike fractions.
_ Reducing Fractions to Lowest Terms
‘A fraction is in its simplest form (this is also called being expressed in lowest terms) ifthe
Highest Common Factor (HICF) of the numerator and denominator is 1. For example, 1/2 is in
lowest terms but 2/4 is not. To reduce a fraction to lowest terms (also called its simplest form),
divide both the numerator and denominator by the HCE. For example, 2/3 is in lowest form, but
4/6 is not in lowest form (the HCF of 4 and 6 is 2) and 4/6 can be expressed as 2/3.
Adding fractions Sa
‘One can easily add fractions if the denominators are the same. Simply add the numerators-
Example If the fractions have different denominators, determine the lowest common denominator
(LCD) so that you can express each fraction in equivalent form. The lowest common denominator
apts ‘umber that the denominator of each individual fraction will divide into.
ati.
45 45° 45 4545
+
9
Mixed numbers need to be converted to improper fractions before using this addition
technique.
3.
i 2 ity 8. ate
Subtracting fractions
ns is very similar to adding in that all fractions in your calculation need
to have the same denominator. You may need to determine the lowest common denominator
(LCD) as you did with addition.
78+56-80-21 134-101 _33_ 11
Multiplying fractions
Multiplication of fractions is carri iplying all the numerators together and all
the denominators together.
2x3
597 5x7 35
Sometimes the answer to a multiplication calculation can be simplified by dividing both
numerator and denominator by the same number. This process is called cancelling, because you
strike out the original numbers to create the new fraction. Example :
YS _ 3 (divide numerator by 5)
28 — 3 (divide denominator by 5)
Sometimes for indicating multiplication of two fractions, we use the word ‘of '.
Examples
Question Anat
(3/5 ofa dollar Bebe ebat et
(i) 3/4 of a year 2x12ofa year =9 months
(ii) 2/3 of a day 3x24 of a day = 16 hours
Dividing Fractions
Todi pacnaye Ut
Example: Divide 5 by 7
a
2542
Divide 32 bs
convert ixed number to improper fractions.
yr5 15,5, 15,8, 100.8
vis ea ee
84 8) 4
Sind
1
5
Comparing Fractions
Tf
Example: Which fraction is greater? 7 or 5?
Multiply the numerator of the first with the denominator of the second: 1 «2777
Now, multiply the denominator of the first with numerator of the second: 47.
Since 28 > 27, the 7/27 is greater than the first 1/4.
4;
2
Example: Which is greater: 3
Solution:
4 mR, BaP B
Hence, 7 is greater than 7
Worb PROBLEMS
iow who solved less part of the exercise, we will compare 2/7 and 4/5
LMateeoeenes (ie. 7 and 5)=7%x5=35 ¢
Converting each fraction in to an e
‘quivalent fraction having 35 as its denominalot'
have 2/7 = (2 x5)/(7 x5) = 10/35 and 4/5 = (4 x 7) 2
Since 10 < 28 SR DUGS On ae
Therefore, 10/35 < 28/35 => 2/7 <4/5
Hence, Saeed solved lesser part than Aslam,
Note: This method can also be used to compare fractions in adit method sn
‘we will compare fractions 7/12 and 3/4
LCM of 12 and 4
12 as denominator 2 = (7 x 1)/(12 x 1) =
digas )/12 x 1) =7/12 ana 3/4=8x3)/4 x3) 09/12
sonvieian ea =>7/12<3/4
Thus, Wagar finished col i
Now. 3/4-7/12 ouring in longer time.
=9/12-7/12
=(9-7)/ 12
=2/12 =1/6
Hence, Wagar finished colouring in 1/6 hour more time than Akram.
Actual width of the picture = 7= cm =
Required width of the picture =
Therefore, extra width = (38/5 -73/10ycm
(38 x 2)/(5 x 2)-(73x1I)/(1diem B. H. B
Hence, 3/10 cm width of the picture should be trimmed.
In 1 litre, car runs 16 km
3
Therefore, in 2> titres of petrol car will travel = 27; x 16 km
4
= 11/4 x 16/1 km Hence, car travels 44 km in 23 litres of petrol.
§ Raza has read 3/4 of a book consisting of 288 pages. How many pages are still lefty
Total number of pages in the book = 288
Number of pages read by Raza = 3/4 of 288 => 3/4 x 288
=3/4 x 288/1
n
“3 = ae =3x72=216
Therefore, number of pages left = 288 - 216 = 72
DECIMALS
A decimal number is a nungh@F Witiyoug/otynore digits to the right of the decimal point,
nal really e i Latin Decima: a tenth part). A “Decimal
place value of each digit corresponds toa
{32.418 have the following place values.
Number” usually means there is 4
power of 10. For example, the digitSig
For the digits before the decimaf point:
7isin the thousaNdsiplace B. H. B
5isin the hundreds place
3isin the tens place
2is in the ones, or units place
And, for the digits after the decimal point:
41s in the tenths place
is in the hundredths place
8's in the thousandths place
As we move right, each position is 10 times smaller. From Hundreds, to Tens, to Ones.
What is 10 times smaller than Ones? It is equal to 1/10ths (Tenths).
We can continue with smaller and smaller values, from tenths, to hundredths, and so on,
like in this example:
Ones.
Decimal Point//— i/o ured
Lae ig /iaad sesh
17.591
10 x Bigger
Tox Salter.
——imaler
fhatsApp: 0315-5687948@ (f) Mr BHB Decimal System lets us wri
Digits can be placed to the in toe nbers as large or as small as we want, using the decimal
point tor right of a di 7
than one. The decimal decimal point, to show values greater than one
ile Point is the most important part of a Decimal Number.
additions
1, Align the number so that
written under hundredtha,\" “8ths are written under tenths, the hundredths are
2 The decimal point goes ri
ight under the decimal point in the being added.
aol © Andee ca lecimal point in the numbers being a
Solution:
109
15.73
422.001
48.631
Subtraction
1. If one number has more deci
there are the same number of di
2. Align the numbers and put a
other, add zeros to the right so that
two numbers.
the decimal point in the number
being subtracted,
Example. 17.19-8.4 =? MR. B. H. B
Solution: 17.19
8.40
8.79
Multiplication
1. Multiply the numbers as if they were whole numbers.
2. The number of decimal places in the answer is the sum of the number of decimal
places in the factors.
Eample, 3.1.x 2.7=7
Solution: There are total two decimal places in the factors.
So, 31 x 27 = 837 ;
Putting the decimal after two places, the answer is 8.37
Eample, — 75x3.3=?
Solution: There will be one decimal places in the answer.
75 x 33 = 2475, So, the answer, afer putting the decimal, will be 247.5
last zeros in the decimals may be removed.
Division
1. Mu! 2. Multiply the number being divided by the same power of 10.
3. The decimal point in the quotient is right above the decimal point in the number
being divided. :
4. Add zeros at the end of the number being divided to express the remainder as a
decimal.
‘o mal whole number, multiply by 10. Multiply 15 by 10 also and divide. Add
‘one zero after the decimal point.
12) 150.0 (12.5
12
15 _ 150 —_
RD 30
122 2
60
60
>
Answer 12.5
Note:]Adding zeros to the right does not change the value of the decimal
fraction.
Decimal Fractions
Fractions in which denominators 0, are known as decimal fractions.
a aes Ba;
onl es 5 1 huttfedh, 1 utdusandth et.
1 2
she =01, —=2 =.02,
Fg hundteth =O, 55 2 hundreds 02.
Rule for converting a Decimal into Vulgar Fraction
Put 1 in the denominator under the decimal point and annex with it as many zeros as is the
number of digits after the decimal point in the numerator. Now, remove the decimal point and reduce
Jowest terms.
5 eS.
Solution: ——~p. ee
53 3
@ o= FZ
Note 1: Annexing zeros to the extreme right of a decimal fraction does not change its value.
Thus, 0.8 = 0.80 = 0.800 ete.
Note 2: If numerator and denominator of a fraction contain the same number of decimal places,
then we remove the decimal sign. e2 Simplify: @) 184,
sample lify: (i) aes
salutiont
diy) 38
584
8
1
SA 184 365 _365_5
“ 184
2.99 29973 Mii) eee
EXERCISE
T
The total cost of 32 kg
oe 2/8 of meat at Rs. 1.69 per kg and 20 lemons at Rs. 0.60 a dozen
will be?
Solution Find the cost of ath of meat:
Rs. 1.69
x35
845
507
Rs.5.915 =
Find the cost of 20 lemons:
Rs. 0.60 + 12'
Rs. 0.05 x 20 = Rs. 1.00 (for 20 lemons).
Add the cost of meat and the évét 6 lems: H. B
Rs. 5.92
+1.00.
Rs. 6.92
Q2 A man willed his property to his three sons —to the youngest he gave Rs. 968.49, to the
second 3.4 as much as to the youngest, and to the eldest 3.7 times as much as to the
second. What was the value of his estate?
Solution:
Rs. 968.49 willed to youngest son
x 34
387396
2905470
—_——_
Rs. 3292.866 willed to the second son
x37
eee es
23050062
98795980
sri
Bs. 12183.6042 willed to the eldest son Total Value of the estate
968.4900 Youngest son
3292.8700 Second son
12) lest
16444.9642
Q.3. Which fraction is the largest: 1/2, 4/5, 5/8 and 7/10?
‘Sotutton: Write all the Fractions wilh the same denominator.
LCM =80
Multiply all the fractions with such a number that all has 80 as denominator.
Gi)
Q4. A caris run until the gas tank js 1/8 tanks then filled to capacity by putting in
14 gal. The capacity of nhac Fine ee
Solution:
Zor capacity = 14 gal
Full capacity = vad
8
ax = 6 ga
JQ.5._ 1f1/3 of the liquid contents of a can evaporates on the first day and 1/4 of the remainder
evaporates on the second day, the fractional part of the original contents remaining at
the close of the second day is eee
‘Solution:
First day: 1/3 evaporates, 2/3 remains
Second day: 1/4 of 2/3 evaporates
3 or 2 remains
a8
‘The amount remaining is
3. B.. 6. wai
3x2 of original contents “Operations” means thin;
sunber itis probably an operation. But, when you see something like.,
What part should you calculate first? Start atthe left and go to the right? Or go from right
tokeft?
Warning: Calculate them in the wrong order ‘ou Will get a wrong answer!
So, long ago people agreed to follow
3+6x(544)+3-7
P
Parentheses fi
E
Exponents (Le. Powers and SquaigRoots, etc)
MD
Multiplication and Division (left-to-right)
AS
Addition and Subtraction (left-to-right)
Divide and multiply rank equally (and go left to right).
‘Add and subtract rank equally (and go left to right).
After you have done “P" and "E”, just go from left to right doing any "M" or "Das you find
em. Then, go from left to right doing any “A” or “S" as you find them. You can remember
FEMDAS by saying "Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally".
P/E|M DIAS
() | x?] xor/ | +0r-
—- |—>-
from tet to right
gs like add, subtract, multiply, divide, squaring, ete. If it isn't a
culations, and they are: Expression ‘Evaluation ‘Operation
L 6+7x8 em | =647x8 ‘Multiplication
ae
=6+56 ‘Addition
=e
[2 Division
16+8-2 =16+8-2
j=16+8-2 CU ___|
oe =2-2 Subtraction
=0
3. (25-11)x3 = (25-11)x3 Parentheses
me =14x3 ‘Multiplication
=42
In Example 1, each problem involved only 2 operations.
Example 2. Evaluate 3 + 6x (5 + 4) +3-7 using the order of operations.
Solution: Step: 34+6x (54, +6x9+3-7 Parentheses
Step2: 34+6x9+ 54+3-7 Multiplication
Step3: 3+54+3- 18-7 Division
Step4: 3+18M7R. B. H 28 Addition
Step 5: 21-7 = Subtraction
Example 3. Evaluate 9-5 + (8-3) x 2+ 6 using the order of operations.
Solution: Step 1: 9-5 +(8-3)x2+6
9-5+5x2+6 Parentheses
0
Step 2: 9-5+5x2+6 9-1x2+6 Division
Step 3: 9-1x2+6 = 9-246 Multiplication
Step 4: 9-2+6 = 746 Subtraction
Step 5: 7+6 = 13 Addition
Note: Speakers of British English se “BODMAS instead of PEMDAS which stands for
“Brackets, Orders, ‘Division and Multiplication’, and ‘Addition and Subtraction”. Si%
“brackets” are the same as parentheses and “orders” are the same as ‘two acronym
ae thing. exponents, the pamipleds A boy was
and got his anna: uliply a certain number by 53. He multiplied it by 35
malicliet er less than the correct one by 1206. Find the number to be
gion: Let the required number be x: Then,
53 x-35 x = 1206 or
18x = 1206 or
x=67
Required number = 67
REE] simpy. -»[Lox-2y)- G4)+4)]
1
solution: = ~3x, [dex + 2y) -2(3x so+a)]
Find out the correct answer.
t
3
[Jay 6n-20y-83]
9
= af 5x ory -99]
= Ze +6x"y+27xy
5005 - 5000 + 10.00 =?
(a) 05 (b) 50 (@) 5000 (@) 4505
Four children A, B, C and D divide a bag of sweets. A takes + of them, B takes 2m of
the remainder and the rest is equally shared between C and D. What fraction of the
sweets did C or D get?
1 a ot 4
wt wt a :
Ab .d to multiply a certain number by 25. He multiplied it by 52 and got his
saetlvetat re Gp eoree one by 324. The number to be multiplied was:
fa) 12 b) 15 () 3 (@) 32
1s 1
What fraction must be subtracted from the sum of a and a to have an average of 7
f all the three fractions?
1 1
1 Me > @ =
w > 5 4 é cintlaT
fro1 =a Bal
‘The smallest fraction which should be subtracted from the sum of 17,25 8535 ici
at to make the result a whole number is
5 ss ae aie (a) 7
(a) RD (b) 2 2
Ans. @
Solution: Given Expression 5005 - 5000 + 10
5005 - 500 = 4505
Ans. @)
Solution: A’s share = i Remainder = (1 +4) 2
C’sshare = DiS§hate = por2ed, B
Ans. (a)
Solution: Let the required number be x. Then,
52x- 25x = 324 or 27x = 324 or x= 12
«Required number = 12
Ans. (d@)
Solution: TRON
12 12
dex
12
_.
Ans. _ (a)
Solution: Sum of given numbers = 7.4.5 455.87, 10,9
Ae NA 3g
= [2eseeeteaoe zr
SE 674 40427)
12
The whole number just less than 185
85
tat Se on : mel
2 x15, 13) 2
5/12 must be subtracted f ia whole number
SELI
Use order of operations to simplify Me folliving éxpressidns:
1. 214(4+10)
2 (4-1f +(12-3) +6-29
3. 16+(4x 10)
4. 665-3)
5. 20347)
6 s[5-(0x3)]
36-6
1243
& 4x344x5+4-1
. li+9
2
687948 (fF) Mr BHB 10. (7+(4-2)] x2
IL. (16-(2-3)] x3
12. [(7-4) -(3-6)]+2
13. [6+(4-2)]+[(7-3)-4]
14. {[@G-2)+4]+5}-2
15. {{(2-3) +(7-4)] +2} [8-6)-(4-3)]
16. 35 +[(2 +7) +11]}
17. (16-4) + (3x2)]+
18. 6 +[12-(4x2)]
19. [8 +(2x1)]}x0
R. B.H.B
M
20. [40+ (4% 5)] +2 Percentages or percent refer Bs fractions of a whole; “that is”, the percentage is how
f » For instance, “50%” means "4", “25%” means “4”, etc.
Percent is actually per cent, meaning out of a hun nt” means i
ee dred. Because "y " 1 "
sould be divided by 100°. So, 75% really means 75/100 Pet Ee ae
* And 100% is 100/100, or
exactly 1 (100% of any number is just the number
unchanged)
* And 200% is 200/100, or exactly 2 (200% of any number is twice the number)
A percent can also be expressed as.
Aga percentage: 50%
Rasalecimdd: B95
' 1
1/2 Asa fraction: ;
Some other common percentage amounts, and their fraction and decimal equivalents.
Percent Decimal Fraction
1% 0.01 1/100
5% 0.05 1/20
10% on 1/10
124% 0.125 1/8
20% 02 5
25% 025 WA
331/3% 0.333... 173
50% 05 2
75% 075 3/4
‘50% 08 4/5
a ee 9/10
700% 1 Lori/i 150% 15 3/2
200% 2 2or2/1
Decimal to Percent: Decimal to Percent con 7;just move the decimal point
two places to the right and insert the percent
2.55 = 255%
0.0075 = 0.75%
Note: That 0.75% is less than one percent. It should not be confused with 75%, which is
0.75 as a decimal.
ercent to Decimal conversions are easy; just move the decimal point
Now simply the fractiot! 48/100 £4710 E275
‘Most conversions are easy like the above, but some require a little extra care. For example,
105 _ 20
105% = 1.05 = — =—
100 20
Convert a fraction into a per cent: To convert any fraction + to rate per cent, multiply it
nm
by 100 and put % sign, ie. 100%
What percentage is equivalent to 2
Soluti
Rule 1: Percent Base = Amount
| percent problems tar be soived by writing equati ‘
.quations. An equation le)
to show that two mathematical expressions have the same value. e tsee an oqual 1(
Percent of the Base is the Amount.
3x100% =60%
Percent - Base = Amount form “percent of
base is amount.”
Identify the percent, the base, and the
amount.
Write the percent equation. Using x for the
ii ; base, which is the unknown value.
as i
ethane you have an equation such as 20% of x = 30, you can divide 30 by 20% to find the
x=30+20%
X=30+20% = 30 +0.20 = 150
Example: What is 35% of 1607
(ii) 54 is 45% of what
sentence, replacing “is” by “=” and the
(x= 35% of 16% = (OBB edyb 56 B
(ii) 54-= 45% of x= 54 = OA5x = x = 54 +0.45= 120
Gii) 77 = x% of 190-3 77= (140) => 77 (100) = 1402 => x= Tiss
Example: 24 students in a class took an algebra test. If 18 students passed the test, what percent
did not pass? porque
Solution: Set up the problem like ths: =
1. First, find out how many student did not pass.
Number of students who did not pass is 24-18 = 6
2 Then, write down the following equation:
¥%e of 24 = 6 OF H% times 24 = 6
To get 1%, just divide 6 by 24
6/24 =0.25 = 25/100 = 25%
2 . = a i ae test.
w. then divide by the old value. Show that a a Percentage,
new value - old value
="Old Value —* 100%
Subtract the old from the the actual increase 19994
The per cent increase ofa quantity is
the actual decrease
y decrease , 190%
‘The per cent decrease ofa quantity is To x
Solution (Method a
Step 1: $5 to $6 is a $1 increase
Step 2: Divide by the old value: $1/$5 = 0.2
© Step 3: Convert 0.2 to percentage: 0.2x100 = 20% rise.
Answer (Method 2)
Step 1: Divide new value by old value: $6/$5 = 1.2
Step 2: Convert to percentage: 1.2100
rice dizout
Price discount occurs when jtems age sold gt a reduced cost. Find out now how you can
compute the discount. ue . .
Terms to know:
List price: Regular price of an item.
Discount: A reduction made from the regular price.
Sale price: The reduced cost of an item.
Discount rate: Percent that the price is reduced.
To find a sale price, use the following formulas:
Sale price = List Price - Discount
Discount = (List Price) x (Discount Rate)
DB rina the sae price for an item that has alist Price of 100 dollars and a discount rate of
25%
Solution: Discount = 100 x 25% = 100 x 0.25 = 25,
Sale price = List Price - Discount Price = 100 - 25 = 75 dollars,
‘The cost with tax is 20,000 + 1000 = 21,000. se: The list price of a scientific is
sn fort \ Calculator is 100 dollars. you get a price discount of 15%
5 5% for tax, what is the actual cost f your calculator? eee
wo irst, find the price after the discount
Discount = 100 times 15% = 100 times 0.15 «15
ale price = 100- 15 = 85 dollars
Tax paid = 85 times 5% = 85 times 0.05 = 4.95
Actual cost = 85 + 4.25 = 89.95 dollars,
verse percentages
ea i aes can be asked to work backwards and find the original price of
goathing increased. Some people think that a percentage increase can be
‘wrersed” by the same percentage decrease. But eo! a
sample: 10% of 100
‘4.10% increase from 100 is an increase of 10, which equals 110 ...
~~ but a 10% reduction from 110 is a reduction of 11 (10% of 110 is 11)
So we ended up at 99 (not the 100 we started with)
What happened?
The 10% increase was applied to 100
Sample: A radio sells for £63, after a 40%.
— wi Original amount,
Cost price = 100% M B.H.
Weare told the selling price is a 40% in the cost price.
So the selling price is 100% + 40% = 140% of the cost price.
‘We know that the selling price is £63, so 140% = £63.
Now calculate 1%.
140% = £63
1% = £63/140
1% = £0.45
The cost price is 100%, so multiply £0.45 by 100.
Cost price = 0.45 « 100 = £45.
ample: A new car falls in value by 30% in a year. After a year, itis worth £8,400.
Find the price of the car when it was new.
‘ution: Remember that the original price of the car is 100%.
Original price = 100%.
Second-hand price = 100% - 30% = 70%.
So £8,400 = 70% of the original price.
$0 1% of original price = £8,400 +70 of question. Always check that your answer is realistic.
in this
Cumulative Increase Decrease and Compound Interest
‘Example: £500 is put in a bank where there is 6% per annum . Work out the amouint in hy
bank after 1 year.
Simple interest formula = A= P (1+)
Where A is the Final investment value
is the Principal or original amount
rris the interest rat% and
t is the time period There is a simple interest formula which allows as to calculator interes
‘earned or charged
A =P(l+1)
A = 500 (146% *1)
= 500 (140.06)
bank for another year, the £530 would increase
by 6%, The profit, therefore, wi previous year (6% of £530 is more than 6% of
£500). Every year, if the e bank account, the amount of interest paid
would increase each year. This phenomenon s known as compound interest.
The simple way to Workout coftipourld inter is:
Compound Interest = (1 + interest rate %) "°°" x original value
So if the £500 had been left in the bank for 9 years, the amount would have increased to:,
‘500 * (1.06)? = £845
‘There can be a question in final exam, in which examiner may ask cumulative increase ot
decrease in a quantity.
* Toincrease a number by 1%, multiply it by (1 + 1%) mootyeun,
© Todecrease a number by r%, multiply it by (1 —r9) mo0¢yexs,
Example: At the end of 2016 there were 5000 members of a certain rare breed of animal remaining
in the world. Itis predicted that their number will decrease by 12% each year. How many will be
left at the end of 2020?
At the end of 2017, there will be (100 - 12)/100 x 5000 = 4400
If in this example, the m¢
The compound interest formula above can also be used for percentage decreases. So after#
years, the number of animals left would be:
5000 x (1-0.12)'= 2998
Example: From January 1, 1990 to January 1, 2000, the population of a town increased by 5%
every year. If the population was 5000 on January 1, 1990, what was the population of January
20007
Solution: Since the population on January 1, 1990 was
WhatsApp: 0315-5687948@ (f) Mr BHB After exactly 10 years, the population on January 1, 2000 was = (1+5%)"
1
«5000
pampl
The population of a town is 176400. If it increases a
wile:
; tthe rate of 5% per annum, what
population 2 years hence?
7
solution: Population after 2 years = 176400 x [Hs]
- [12100524
Population2 years ago = —!76400_
[tl
Advance Rules of Percentage
(2) If A is x% more than that of B,
of Aby
[ x
x
100.
(0) IFA is x% less than that of B, then B is more than that of A by
R iba 7
i00-x* |
Sample: If A’s income is 40% less than B's income,
fan A's income?
‘lution: Here, x = 40
then how much per cent is B’s income more
Required answer (as x1 0%
00 2%
“(oe ~40"! =
initarty
(4) two numbers ae respectively 2% and y% move than a thd number, then the fest
mumbers (19951100) of he sen ante second (Tape st00) of te
first.
(b) If two numbers are respectively x% and y% less than a third number, then the first
numbers (2 = 300) ofthe scond anh second is (FFE «100) so the
y
first Example: Two numbers are respectivel
is the first of the second?
y 20% and 50% more than a third number WRAL per cen,
‘Solution: Here, x= 2and y= 50
First number = (222% |x100% of the second
100+ y.
100+ 50.
Le. 80% of the second number.
ia (E235 too of the second
EXERCISE
1. Acamera costs £180 in a 10% sale. What was the pre-sale price?
2. After fuel prices rose by 15%,
the bill have been without the price increase?
3. The cost of a product, i
the sale?
increase?
MR [ANSWERS
a family’s annual electricity bill was £1654. What would
{t 20% is £540. What is the pre-VAT price?
+ a 15% reduction. What was the price before
is £36,700. What was the salary before the
@ | 20 1 | «143626 |) | e450 | @ | casa | os | £54,86009
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Find out the correct answer.
1. What percentage is equivalent to sir
(a) 525% (b) 425% (©) 625% (a) None of these
i 6x % expressed as a fraction in its lowest term is
= 1 3
oS OF © 2 (d) None of these
3. What percent of 12 is 84?
(a) 800% (b) 600% (©) 700% (a) None of these
4. 1 200% of a number is 90, then what is the 60% of that number?
(a) 48 (b) 36 (© 24 (4) None of thes?
5. 20% of 30% of 20% of Rs. 850 is
fa) Rs. 9.50 (b) Rs. 10.20 (© Rs, 10.50 (d) None of the 10.
112% of xis equal to 6% of y,
fy?
then 18% of x will be equal to how much per cent of
(a) 7% (b) 9% (©) 11% (d) None of these
Anumber is increased by 20% and then decreased by 20%, the final value of the number
ah 'Doee nat chatige (©) Decreases by 2%
(©) Increases by 4% (€) Decreases by 4%
‘The Population of a town is decreased by 20% and 25% in two auecessive years. What
per cent population is decreased after two years?
(a) 50% (b) 40% (2) 60% (d) None of these
Fora rectangle, the length and breadth are increased by 10% and 20%, respectively. The
percentage increase in area is
(a) 24% ©) 49% (©) 32% (4) None of these
The income of a company increases 20% per annum. If its income is Rs. 2,664,000 in the
year 2015 what was its income in the year 20137
(a) Rs. 17,50,000 () 16,50,000 (©) Rs. 18,50,000 (4) None of these
Ans. (a)
Solution:
Ans. (b)
Solution:
Ans.
Solution:
Let x% of 12 = 84
84%100
x12 =84 = = 700
ag 0)
700% of 12 is 84.
Ans. — (b)
Solution:
200. =90
Let 200% of x = 90 => 100
100%90-_ gs
200
im 80.
“ x45 236
80% of 45 = 779%
Ans. (b)
Solution:
20,30, 20
20% of 30% of 20% of 850 = 775599" Fo9
Ans, (b)
Solution:
We have, 12% of x = 6% of ¥
= Mofx=1%ofy
> (2x 9%ofx=(1x9)% fy
>
18% of x= 9%ofy
Ans. (@)
Solution:
Here, x= 20 and y=-20
1 Thenet%
=(20- or 4%
« 100
Since thd Vightis-vétherel dectthse in value by 4%
Ans. (b)
Solution:
Here, x= -20 and y = ~25
‘The net % change in population
= ou;
eae im)
-(- aed 252225) 40%
Since the sign is -ve, the population is decreased by 40% after two years.
Ans. ()
Solution:
Since side; x side: = area
Net % change in area -( a
sty tT %
(10+ 29 4. 20%20 = 32%
‘The area of the rectangle increases b: ans.
’ solution: Here, P = 2664000, r = 20 and n=2
Company's income in the year 2015
P 2664000
Pa
ac)
100.
= 2664000/ (1.2)? = Rs. 18,50,000
find the Percentage
1, 1% 0 100 +99% of 100=7
2 10% of 50-+ 80% of 5
3. 12% of 100 x 11% of 1
1 40% of 80 - 16% of
5 40% of 45 - 45% of 40:
& 2% of 10x 60% of 100=?
1. W%ol 44 + 15% of 80=2
4 Aproperty dealer sold a house for Rs 1% commission from both the
parties. How much did the seller get
commission did the agent get?
4. A property dealer sold a property worth’ Rs.15, 00,000 and charged 3% commission from
both the parties. How much did th4 sBller gal How} gnany Rupees did the buyer pay? How
much commission did the agent get?
10. A-commission agent sold a house for Rs.5, 00,000 and charged a commission at 2% from
both the seller and the buyer. What did the seller get? What did the buyer pay? What did
the agent get?
11. A newspaper agent sold newspapers for Rs. 10800 in a month and got a total commission
of Rs.1620. Find the percentage of his commission.
1 A factory owner gives 15% commission on the written price to a shopkeeper. What will the
shopkeeper pay in cash for an article for which written price is Rs. 2000?
‘Ali is a salesman in a shop. His salary is Rs. 7000 per month plus a commission @ 3% on
the price of sold goods. He sold goods worth Rs. 50,000 in a month. Find his total income
for the month.
14. Aslam sold cotton of Abbas worth Rs. 1000,000. He deducted 5% commission. What did
Aslam get?
15. A manufacturer gives 10% commission on the written price to a shopkeeper. What does
the shopkeeper pay in cash for an article with written price as Rs.1500?
16. Mr. Rehman ordered a car worth Rs. 900,000 and was given a discount. Given that he paid
Rs, 855,000 for his new car. What percentage discount he received?
1%, Seemab buys 5 kg of tea at Rs. 125.00 per kg. In addition, for every kilogram of tea
purchased, she has to pay a sales tax of 6% on the selling price. Calculate the total amount
‘of money that she had to pay.
did the buyer pay? How much 18,
BU
Murad bought his house for Rs. 300,000 and sold it for Rs. 600,000. What was the
percentage of increase?
Nadeem spends 30% of monthly income on food articles, 40% of the remaining on
conveyance and clothes and saves 50% of the remaining, If his monthly salary is Rs. 18400,
how much money does he save every month?
‘Write these decimals as fractions:
06 =..
fhatsApp: 0315-5687948@ (f) Mr BHB RaTIo
A “ratio” is just a comparison between two different things. For instance, someone can look
ata group of People and refer to the “ratio of men to women” in the group. Suppose there are
thirty-five people, fifteen of whom are n tio of men to women is 15 to 20.
Notice that, in the expression “ omen’, "men came first. This order is
very important, and must be respected Ecame first, its number must come first. If
the expression had been “the ratio of the numbers would have been "20 to
15", When we express ratios in words, “to"-we say "the ratio of something to
something else.” Ratios can be written in several different ways: as a fraction, using the word "to",
or with a colon. MR. B. H. B
to separate the values: 3:1
3tol
Using the
Instead of the
we can use the word “to”
Or write it like a fraction: 3/1
Example: In a certain class, the ratio of passing grades to failing grades is 7 to 5. How many of the
36 students failed the course?
“The ratio, "7 105" (or 75 or 7/3), tells that, of every 7 +5 = 12 students, five failed.
That is, 5/12 of the class flunked. Then (5/12)(36) = 15 students failed.
Bample: In a park, the ratio of ducks to geese is 16 to 9. How many of the 300 birds are geese?
of every 16 +9 =25 birds, 9 are geese.
That is, 9/25 of the birds are geese.
‘Then there are (9/25 (300) = 108 geese.
Let's look at a classroom: there are 16 boys and 15 girls.
The ratio tells me that,
16boys
Ratios can be part-to-part: isgel
16 boys,
a
Bistudents
Ratios can be part-to-whol Ifa ratio is part-to-whole, you can divide and find a decimal or a percent.
16 boys
Bistudents
16/31 = 0516, or 51.6% are boys
Example: Express the ratio in simplest form: 240 miles to 8 gallons :
When you simplify, you get (240 miles) / (8 gallons) = (30 miles) / (1 gallon), or, in more
30 miles per gall
jimplest form: $10 to $45
faced fraction: 10/45 = 2/9.
SELF-EXERCISE
Simplify the following ratios:-
100: 200
50: 100,
1,
2
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. 45: 180
Pete MR. B. H. B
9% 12:12
10. The ratio of 3.5 kg to 280 gram is?
11, The ratio of 1.75 kg to 150 gram is?
12. The ratio of 500 g to 250 gram is?
13. The ratio of 900 g to 225 gram is?
14. The ratio of 1 kg to 100 gram is?
15. 14. The ratio of 1.5 km to 500 m is?
16. Ali gets one-fourth of his pay as house rent allowance. If h
what is his allowance? ease eee ees EON or
17. Yasir gets one-eighth of his pay as medical al '
shale Rlaalleecedis; cee ical allowance. If he gets Rs. 34,000 as pa,
18. Sadaf gets one-fifth of his pay as house rent all
el oe a ee rent allowance. If he gets Rs. 9,000 35
19. Rabia puts two-thirds: of i i
pee Pe prone’ her income in her saving account. If she saves Rs. 43,000,
20, An employ gets one-fourth of his
allowance, what is his pay?
Pay as house rent allowance. If he gets Rs. 12,000 a5 ‘The equality of two tatios
et equal to Tindaes a pron’ 8 called proportion. A proportion is two ratios that have been
1/2: Solving a proportion means is an equation that can be solved. For instance, 5/10 equals
geed to solve for that missing a You are missing one part of one of the fractions, and you
equation: Value. For instance, suppose you were given the following
Saal
10 2
You can solve the equation by multiplying through on both sides by 10 to clear the
denominators:
A proportion is read as "x is to
MR. BYFYH. B
Ifa: b=c:d, we write, a: b zc: d and we say that a, b, c,d are in proportion. In a
proportion, the first and fourth terms are known as extremes, while second and third terms are
known as means. 5
RULE: Ina true proportion, the product of the means equals the product of the extremes.
means
b. a:b=c:d
7 x Pee et eath
means extremes extremes
Example: Find the unknown value in the proportion: 2:x=3:9
‘ 2
Convert the colon-based odds-notation ratios to fractional form: —
Solve the proportion: 195%" is actually saying "25 per 100":
25% = 25/100
We can use proportions to solve questions involving percent.
First, put what we know into this form: Part/Whole = Percent/100
Example: What is 25% of 160?
‘The percent is 25, the whole is 160,
A percent is actually a ratio! Saying
and we want to find the “part:
Part/160 = 25/100
ide by the third number:
= 4000 / 100 = 40
Multiply across the known
Pa
Answer: 25% of 160 is 40.
Solution: Sum of the terms of he ratio = (35 + 28 + m5 83
A's share = Rs. me 5. 490
B's share = Rs. (uso) = Rs. 392
C's share = Rs (1162 X 2) = Rs. 280
Example: A mixture contains alcohol and water in the ratio 4: 3. If5 litres of water is added 0
the mixture, the ratio becomes 4: 5. Find the quantity of alcohol in the given mixture.
Solution: Let the quantity of alcohol and water be 4x and 3x, respectively.
4x 4
Th a =1 a
en, Se = 52 Wr = M24 ox =25
Alcohol in given mixtur
x litres = 4 x 2.5 = 10 litres
Solution: The amount of cloth is proportional to the time the machine be the
erates. Let
number of yards of cloth the machine makes in 50 part then
2minutes _3yards 9 2 3 E e
50 minutes y yards’ 0 . Cross multiply and you have 2y = 150, 80 Y=
Therefore, the machine makes 75 yards of cloth in 50 minutes. ‘The nui 4 Proportion are called the terms the Ist, the 2nd, the 3rd, and the 4th.
Ast: 2nd = 3rd: 4th
We say that the Ist and the 3rd are corresponding terms, as are the 2nd and the 4th.
‘The following is the theorem ofthe alternate proportion: Iffour numbers are proportional,
tien the corresponding terms are also proportional. That i i
ie Gini is, as the first term is to the third, so the
a:b=min,
then, alternately,
a:m=b:n,
Since
then alternately,
Look at it alternately. 35 is seven times 5. Therefore the missing term will be seven times
which is 56.
Eample: Find the unknown value in the proportion: 2:x=3:9.
ca mil?
2:x=3:9 Se
First, convert the colon-based odds-notation ratios to fractional form:
Then solve the proportion:
2.
x 9
9Q)=x@)
18=3x
6=x (x4#2):5
Qx+1
First, convert the colon-based odds-notation ratios to fractional form:
x42
5
Then solve the proportion:
2x1 _ x42
eos
5(2x +1) = 2(x+2)
10x+5 = 2x44
x = -1
x=-1/8
" ‘and uBp “c” to stand for the number of centimeters,
i 12__30
MR. Bgouiterers 9048
12__ 30
c
12c = (30)(30.48)
12¢=914.4
c= 762
‘Thirty inches corresponds to 76.2 cm.
For triangles to be similar, however, iti sufficient that they be equiangular. Right
will be similar if an acute angle of one is equal to an acute angle of the other.
ee Geometry is all about shapes and their Properties. Geometry can be divided into: plane
geometry and solid geometry, Plane Geometry is about flat shapes like lines, circles and triangles;
the shapes that can be drawn on a Piece of paper. Solid Geometry is about three dimensional
abject like cubes, prisms, cylinders and spheres, Points, lines, and planes make up the basis of all
geometry. Angles play an important role in creating architecture and they are critical in the study
of geometry.
Here are the most common geom:
cal sy)
Symbol ‘Meaning In Words
A Triangle ‘A ABC has ides _JfTriangle ABC has three equal sides
zZ Angle ZABC is 45° The angle formed by ABC is 45 degrees.
it Perpendicular ABLES RB - F-(tBitine ABis perpendicular o line CD.
I Parallel EF| |GH ‘The line EF is parallel to line GH.
o Degrees, 360° 360° makes a full circle
) A right angle is 90 degrees.
kL Right Angle (90°) } J Bae
KB | Line Segment "AB" | AB The line between A and B.
iB Line "AB" AB The infinite line that includes A and B.
= ar = The line that starts at A, goes through B
AB a AB and continues on. e
= =A DEF Tr ABC nf nj
= Congruent (same | AABC= A Dagisle ABC is congruent to triangle
shape and size)
Definitions
[ Point: | point is a small dot. It has no length, width, or thickness,
Plane: J plane isa flat surface with no boundaries and no thickness.
i indefinitely in both directions indicated by arrows. A line can be
a hie een points on the line, for example, A and B. The notation for a line
ts A and Bis AB (in alphabetic order)
that extends thi +—_o—______+—_>
A B
Parallel Lines: [ines that never intersect.
[LIntersecting Lines: }ines that have a point in common.
Perpendicular Lines: Lines that intersect at a 90° angle.
Line Segment: A line segments starts and stops at distinct points called endpoints. A line
segment can be identified by its endpoints, for example, A and B. The notation for a line segment
that includes the points A and B is AB (in alphabetic order).
eo——____*
A 8
[ ay: [A ray consists of a point on a line and all subsequent points on one side of the point.
‘The point from which the ray originates is called the endpoint. A ray is named by its endpoint
and any other point on the ray, for example, A and B. The notation for a ray that includes the
points A and B is AB (in alphabetic order).
A
‘Angle:]An angle is determi
of the ray is the initial side of the affg
angle. The point where the initial a
5
'y about its endpoint. The starting position
on after rotation is the terminal side of the
meet is called the vertex of the angle.
oe Initial Side
Vertex
Note: When drawing an angle, the rotation of the ray about its endpoint is usually
indicated with an arc in between the initial and terminal sides.
Most commonly, angles are measured in degrees. This is indicated by the degree sign *
next toa number. For example, 45°.
Naming Angles
“Angles can be named in several ways. We'll show them by using the following picture: B c
‘ we Ss Lied a number or letter in between the two rays, say 1 or the common Greek
tter O (t eta) and then name the angle Zlor using the symbol 20 for angle. We
pronounce this “angle 1" or “angle theta.”
* We can also use the letters of points on the raj it int. That
H ys together with the vertex point. Thal
is, ZABC or 4 CBAeither way, as long as the letter for the vertex point is in the
middle.
* Finally, we can use the letter for the vertex point alone as long as it is perfectly clear
which angle is designated by this letter. In the picture above, it is quite clear which
angle we mean when we say ZB.
:ngles whose meas fExtEF than 0° but less than 90°.
: Angles wliage Reasus@is grdafer thg 99° but less than 180°,
‘The reflex angle is the larger angle. It is more than 180° but less than
360°
“Acute Angle Right Angle Obtuse Angle Straight Angle
Z > Dla es +e
Between 90° and 180" Exactly 180°
Less then 90° Exactly 90°
* Complementary Angles!}Two angles are called complementary when their sum is 90°
‘wo angles are called supplementary when their sum is 180°
Interior Angle is an angle inside a shape. While the
tween any side of a shape, and a line extended from the
* Interior and Exterior Angl
Exterior Angle is the a1
next side. LSet aa cra arcs sa
Jes, which we call Ine , sy
ingle has three ang! d a oie, What isthe value at’
iuwice the first angle: The third ang e ote
a, 163 feet
Problem 17 A trial
here. The second angle is
angle? wnt of the other. What is the Value gy
te
is a compleme
d ratio of opposite interior angen,
one angle
Problem 18 Ina triangle,
third angle? ie
Problem 19 Exterior angle of a triangle is 40°, an‘
Find smaller of two interior angles. : 3 :
Iking in south direction. ‘After walking for 27 meters, she i,.
36 meters.
yblem 20; Momina is wal :
right ee paren for another ance of _____ meters fa
starting point.
‘Answers: Problem 16 to 20
Problem 11 162ft
Problem 12 43°
Problem 13 90°
Problem 1412
Problem 15 45m
She is at a dist
gles and one of angle is of 122 ° then othe
1. If two angles are said to be suj ui
angle is of Zhe ry = VALE
(a) 35° Re B- f- Fe 60° (a) 32°
2 Angle which is Jess than 360° and larger than 180° is classified as
{@) Acute angle:\>(b) Obtuse angle
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