- LISP Tutorial
- LISP - Home
- LISP - Overview
- LISP - Environment
- LISP - REPL
- LISP - Program Structure
- LISP - Basic Syntax
- LISP - Data Types
- Lisp Macros
- LISP - Macros
- LISP - Backquote and Comma
- LISP - Code Generation Using Macro
- LISP - Variable Capture and Hygienic macro
- LISP - Scope and Binding
- LISP - Macro Writing Style
- LISP - Macro Characters
- LISP - Read-Time Macros
- LISP - Compiler Macros
- LISP - Uses of Macros
- Lisp Functions
- LISP - Functions
- LISP - Functions vs Macros
- LISP - Calling Function using funcall
- LISP - Calling Function using apply
- LISP - Closures
- LISP - Functions as Arguments
- LISP - Functions as Return Values
- LISP - Recursion
- LISP - Built-in Functions
- Lisp Predicates
- LISP - Predicates
- LISP - Generic Data Type Predicates
- LISP - Specific Data Type Predicates
- LISP - Equality Predicates
- LISP - Numeric Predicates
- LISP - Comparison Predicates
- LISP - Logical Predicates
- LISP - List Predicates
- LISP - Custom Predicates
- LISP - Chaining Predicates
- Lisp Arrays
- LISP - Arrays
- LISP - Adjustable Arrays
- LISP - Fill Pointers in Arrays
- LISP - Specialized Arrays
- LISP - Arrays Properties
- LISP - Iterating over Arrays
- LISP - Multidimensional Arrays
- LISP - Row-Major Order
- Lisp Strings
- LISP - Strings
- LISP - String Concatenation
- LISP - String Comparison
- LISP - String Case Conversion
- LISP - String Trimmimg
- LISP - String Searching
- LISP - Getting Substring
- LISP - String Replacement
- LISP - Sorting Strings
- LISP - Merging Strings
- LISP - Accessing Characters of String
- LISP - String length
- LISP - Escape Sequences
- Lisp Sequences
- LISP - Sequences
- LISP - Accessing Element of Sequence
- LISP - Sequence length
- LISP - Getting Subsequence
- LISP - Search Element in Sequence
- LISP - Sequence Concatenation
- LISP - Reversing a Sequence
- LISP - Mapping Sequence Element
- LISP - position of Element
- LISP - Remove an Element
- LISP - Sort Sequence
- LISP - Merge Sequences
- LISP - every function
- LISP - some function
- LISP - notany function
- LISP - notevery function
- Lisp Lists
- LISP - Lists
- LISP - Accessing Elements of Lists
- LISP - Modifications to Lists
- LISP - Using mapcar on List
- LISP - Using mapc on List
- LISP - Using reduce on List
- LISP - Removing elements from List
- LISP - Reversing a List
- LISP - Sorting a List
- LISP - Searching a List
- LISP - List vs Vectors
- LISP - Matrix Multiplication
- Lisp Vectors
- LISP - Vectors
- LISP - Creating Vectors
- LISP - Accessing Elements of Vectors
- LISP - Modifications to Vectors
- LISP - Adjustable Vectors
- LISP - Specialized Vectors
- LISP - Vector Functions
- Lisp Set
- LISP - Set
- LISP - Adding elements to the Set
- LISP - Getting SubSet from a Set
- LISP - Set Difference
- LISP - Set Exclusive OR
- LISP - Set Intersection
- LISP - Set Union
- LISP - Representing Set with HashTable
- LISP - List as Set vs HashTable as Set
- Lisp Tree
- LISP - Tree
- LISP - Recursive Traversal
- LISP - Inorder Traversal
- LISP - Preorder Traversal
- LISP - Postorder Traversal
- LISP - Depth First Traversal
- LISP - Modifying Tree
- LISP - Search Tree
- LISP - Binary Tree
- Lisp Hash Table
- LISP - Hash Table
- Adding Values to Hash Table
- Removing Values from Hash Table
- Updating Values of Hash Table
- Iterating Hash Table Entries
- Searching key in HashTable
- Checking Size of HashTable
- Using Custom Equality Check
- Lisp - Input − Output
- LISP - Input − Output
- LISP - Streams
- LISP - Reading Data from Streams
- LISP - Writing Data to Streams
- LISP - File I/O
- LISP - String I/O
- LISP - Formatting with Format
- LISP - Interactive I/O
- LISP - Error Handling
- LISP - Binary I/O
- Lisp - Structures
- LISP - Structures
- LISP - Accessors and Mutators
- LISP - Structure Options
- LISP - Structure Types
- LISP - Applications and Best Practices
- Lisp - CLOS
- LISP - CLOS
- Lisp - Objects
- LISP - Class
- LISP - Slots and Accessors
- LISP - Generic Functions
- LISP - Class Precedence
- LISP - Metaobject Protocol
- LISP - Multimethods
- LISP - Multiple Inheritance
- LISP - Method Combinations
- LISP - Method Combinations
- LISP - :before Method Combination
- LISP - :primary Method Combination
- LISP - :after Method Combination
- LISP - :around Method Combination
- LISP - + Method Combination
- LISP - and Method Combination
- LISP - append Method Combination
- LISP Useful Resources
- Lisp - Quick Guide
- Lisp - Useful Resources
- Lisp - Discussion
Lisp - Objects
LISP, is a very versatile and power language. LISP is a dynamically typed language meaning the type of object is determined at runtime and we are not bound to define type everytime we declare an object in LISP. In this chapter, we're discussing the objects, what constitutes them, what are their features in details.
Dynamically Typed
In LISP, object type is checked at runtime, making it a dynamically typed language. It provides developers a greater flexiblity. LISP provides various functions to check the type of the object. In case of structure created using defstruct, LISP generates methods to check the type of the structure automatically.
Built-in Data Types
LISP provides a rich set of fundamental data types which are considered as objects.
numbers like integer, float, etc.
symbols like backquote, comma etc.
string
list
array
and many more.
CLOS, Common LISP Object System
CLOS, is a object oriented programming system, an integral part of Common LISP. CLOS provides a powerful and flexible system to define and manipulate objects in LISP. Objects are instances of a Class in CLOS.
Aspects of Objects in CLOS
Class − A class defines the structure and behavior of an object.
Instance − An instance represent the implementation of a class.
Slot − Attributes of objects are termed as slots.
Generic Function − Define the behavior of the object although generic functions are not part of class definition.
Multimethod − A multimethod can change behavior based on types of arguments passed.
Multiple Inheritance −CLOS class can inherit attributes of multiple superclasses.
Considerations on LISP Objects
Flexibility − LISP objects are highly flexible. We can change type of an object at runtime and perform other relevant modifications.
Power of CLOS − CLOS adds multiple inheritance, multimethods supports to LISP objects.
Conclusion
LISP considers fundamental data types as objects and treats them in similar fashion as more structured objects in CLOS. LISP dynamic nature, adds extensibility and gives developer flexibility to write natural code in an easier way .These capabilities of LISP makes it a very powerful and flexible programming language.